An Overview Modeling in Earth Sciences; Inferences from Environmental Geophysics Applications
Abstract: In an earth science-related research study, while investigating geological / engineering problems, numerical modeling functions in two stages; i) prior to the fieldwork, obtaining the survey parameters (conceptual model), and ii) subsequent to the fieldwork, confirming the accuracy of the estimated subsurface structures with thehelp of the conceptual model. Although the numerical modeling process alone is not sufficient in both stages, it ispossible to converge the numerical models in a realistic subsurface structure with additional information obtained from interdisciplinary studies.In this article, a workflow is proposed employing modeling studies used in earth sciences. Environmental pollution studies carried out on a now-unused open waste disposal site in Çanakkale (Türkiye) are presented following this workflow. Accordingly, tomography measurements were made by using the electrical resistivity method along the profiles determined based on a conceptual model, and then a hypothetical two-dimensional (2D) combined solute transport model was produced by obtaining the porosity cross-section from the subsurface resistivity structure of the study area. The results show the spatial and temporal variation of pollution in the land fill during the years that geophysical measurements (i.e., 2004, 2008, and 2009) were taken, and the numerical modeling time (13,6 yrs). Besides, the numerical modeling results provide a conceptual model for future pollution studies in this area, with the length and depth of the possible survey profile (~40-250 m and 0-25 m, respectively). The results emphasize the importance of evaluating geophysical studies together with numerical models sensitive to the spatial and temporal spread of the pollution cloud emitted from a polluting source, such as an open dumpsite.