Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1995 AĞUSTOS Cilt 38 Sayı 2
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An Evolutionary Model on Early Paleozoic of Anatolian Microcontinent, Northern Margin of Gondwana Lland
Arif Ümit Tolluoğlu Engin Öncü Sümer
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Abstract: The formation of island arc (800-625 Ma.) on the northern part of the Gondwana land (Supercontinent) is accepted to be the begining phase in the geological evolution of Turkey. The rifting of the supercontinent and its breaking apart (625-555 Ma.) gave riseto the separation of the basement of the Pan African fragment-accepted to be the naclcous of the Anatolian microcontinent-from the northern part of the Gondwana land. Synorogenic sedimentation in the marginal basins (back-arc basin) (550-500 Ma.), orogenicmet amorphism (-500 Ma.), rise of the Anatolian microcontinent (500-470 Ma.) and intrusion of the collisional granitoids (470-450Ma.) are the most important phases in the geological evolution. Other important events at the end of Early Paleozoic can be cited asglaciation of the Gondwana land (450 Ma.). Toridya rise (440 Ma.), formation of glacial conglomerates and post glacial transgression (440-420 Ma.) and passage to the Anatolian carbonate platform (400 Ma.). 

  • Gondwana land

  • Anatolian microcontinent

  • Early Paleozoic

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  • Geological and Mineralogical Investigation of The Gümüşler (Niğde) Sb±Hg±W Occurences and Implications on Their Gold Potential
    Miğraç Akçay
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    Abstract: Two types of deposits can be differentiated in the Gümüşler area: 1) veins ofSb±llg±W and associated replacement type Ba-Sb mineralization, 2) disseminations and vein lets of IIg±Sb in brecciated zones. The vein deposits are localised along E-W trending and N-dipping faults mainly in marbles, and along marble-gneiss contacts. Replacement type Ba-Sb mineralization occurs in fracturesand along NE-dipping faults in marble and marble-gneiss contacts, and are structurally above the associated Sb±IIg±W veins.The Gümüşler deposits have a diverse mineralogy including scheelite, barite, stibnite, cinnabar, Sb-sulphosalts and gold. Goldis associated with cinnabar deposition stage, and is locally enriched in near surface zones with concentrations as high as 37.3 ppmat the Mehmetler Yurdu Sivrisi Tepe prospect, but is not economically viable. Silicification is the dominant wall rock alteration atthe mineralized locations of the Gümüşler area but dolomitisation, kaolinisation, sericitisation, cloritisation, tourmalinisation and epidotisation also occur at the periphery of the mineralization.There is a spatial relationship between the Rasih-lhsan deposit and the felsic dykes of Cenomanian age some of which are hydrothermally altered and cut by the Sb±llg±W veins. This indicates a post-Senomaman age for mineralization in the Gümüşler area. A similar relationship is also observed at the Mehmetler Yurdu Sivrisi Tepe prospect. In `this prospect, high gold concentrations are spatially associated with brecciated felsic dykes. This close relationship between mineralization and felsic dykes present inboth occurrences may indicate that mineralization in the Gümüşler area is genetically related to post-magmatic fluids associated with the granitic magmatism.

  • Gümüşler (Niğde)

  • Sb dtHg ± W occur ences

  • geology

  • minerology

  • gold potential

  • Akçay, M., 1994a, Genesis of the Stibnite-Cinnabar-Scheelite Deposits of the Gümüşler Area, Niğde, Central Turkey and Implications on Their Gold Potential: Doktora tezi (yayımlanmamış), Leicester Üniversitesi, ingiltere.

  • Akçay, M., 1994b, Mineral Chemistry of Tourmalines from the Gümüşler Sb-Hg-W Deposits (Niğde Massif, Central Turkey): Geosound, 24, 151-161.

  • Akçay, M., 1995, Mineral Chemistry of a Newly Discovered Ti-Silicate: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, incelemede.

  • Akçay , M., Moon, C.J., ve Scott, B.C., 1955, Fluid Inclusions and Chemistry of Tourmalines from the Gümüşler Sb-Hg±W Deposits Of The Niğde Massif (Central Turkey): Chemie Der Erde. Baskıda.

  • Boyle, R.W., 1979, The Geochemistry of Gold and Its Depo sits: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 280, Ottawa, Canada.

  • Butt, C.R.M., Zeegers, H., 1992, Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains: Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, 4, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

  • Dennis, R.A., 1970, The Mineralization at the Hg-Sb-W Mine near Niğde, South-Central Turkey: Master tezi, Swansea University.

  • Ercan, T., 1986, Orta Anadoludaki Senozoyik volkanizması: MTA Dergisi, 105-106, 119-136.

  • Gizaw, A.T., 1992, Geology and Mineralisation of Gümüşler Area (Niğde, Turkey): Master tezi, ODTÜ, Ankara, Turkey

  • Göncüoğlu, M.C., 1986, Geochronological data from the southern part (Niğde area) of the Central Anatolian Massif: Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Explorati on Institute of Turkey, 105-106, 83-96.

  • Göncüoğlu, M.C., 1981, Niğde masifinin jeolojisi: iç Anadolu`nun Sempozyumu, 16-19, Ankara.

  • Kleyn, V.D., 1970, Recommendation of Exploration for Mineralization in the Southwestern Part of NiğdeÇamardı Massif: MTA Raporu, Ankara (yayınlanmamış).

  • Kuşçu, L, Erler, A., 1992, Geology and Mineralogy of the Madsan Antimony Deposit (Çamardı-Niğde). Gcosound,21, 163-177.

  • Liu, Y. and Ma, D., 1993, Vein-type tungsten deposits of China and adjoining regions: Ore Geology Reviews, 8, 233-246.

  • Moore, J.M., 1975, A mechanical interpretation of the vein and dyke systems of the soulwest England orefield: Mineralinin Deposita, 10, 374-388.

  • Oygiir, V., Erkale, H.E., Erkan, N., Karabalık, N., 1984, Niğde Masifi Demir Cevherleşmeleri Maden Jeolojisi Raporu: MTA Raporu, 7521, Ankara.

  • Özgüneyli, A., 1978, Niğde-Çamardı kristalin masifi genel prospeksiyon çalışması ve demiı -baz metal wolfram ve altın cevherleşmeleri hakkında çalışma raporu: MTA Raporu, 6851.

  • Rose, A.W., Burt, D.M., 1979, Hydrothermai alteration: Geochemistry of Hydrothermai Ore Deposits (Ed.: H.L. Barnes), 2nd cd., 173-227, John Wiley & Sons, New York

  • Scratch, R.B., Watson, G.R, Kerrich, R., Hutchinson, R.W., 1984, Fracture-controlled antimony-quartz mineralization, Lake George deposit. New Brunswick: mineralogy, geochemistry, alteration, and hydrothermai regimes: Economic Geology, 79, 1159-1186.

  • Seal, R.R., Clark, A.H., and Morrissy, C.J., 1988, Lake George, southwestern New Brunswick: a Silurian, multistage, polymetallic (Sb-W-Mo-Au-base metal) hydrothermai centre: Recent Advances in the Geology of Granite-Related Mineral Deposits (Ed.: R.P. Taylor, D.F. Strong), Special volume 39, CIMM, 252-264.

  • Thornber, M.R., Taylor, GJF., 1992, The mechanism of sulphide oxidation and gossan formation: Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains (Ed.: C.R. Butt, H. Zeegers), Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, 4, 155-138, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

  • Vasconcelos, P., Kyle, R., 1991, Supergene geochemistry and crystal morphology of gold in a semiarid weathering environment: application to gold exploration: J. Geochem. Explor., 40, 115-132.

  • Wu, J. 1993, Antimony vein deposits of China: Ore Geology Reviews, 8, 213-232.

  • Yıldız, M., 1978, Türkiye`de Bazı Civa Yataklarının Oluşum ve Mukayesesi: MTA Yayın No: 173, Ankara.

  • Distribution of Labile Forms of Iron in Bottom Sediments of The Marmara Sea
    Hüseyin Öztürk Kazimeras Shimkus
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    Abstract: Average labile forms of iron from the bottom sedimans of the Marmara Sea is 50% of the total iron and dominant ion is Fe2.Fe2 is the dominant species of the labile forms at the shallow areas; whereas Fe3 is dominant at the deeper part of the basin. Thelabile form distribution of iron indicate that oxidation state of the Marmara Sea sediments is reverse of that of the Black Sea: i.eanoxic sediments are round at the shallow levels and generally oxic sediments are recovered at the depth of 480 m. The dominance of Fe2 near coastal areas is related to high sedimentation rates and reduction processes in the bottom sediments. These reduction processes could be related to decomposition of organic matter which is generated either by primary biological productivity of thesea by terrestrial input. The increase in the amount of Fef3towards the deeper part could be explained by low sedimentation ratesand long term bottom current activity of Aegean Sea in the study area. Bottom sediments of the Marmara Sea could be oxidised bythis long term ventilation processes and associated sea water-sediment interactions under the low sedimentation conditions.The oxidic level of the deeper part of the Marmara Sea (110-480 m.) which is mainly composed of Fe3constitutes favorable conditions which allows the trapping of the heavy metals within sediments; where as reducing conditions at the shallow water areasgive rise to the dissolution of heavy metals from the sediments and then migration in the sea water.Weak positive correlation between labile forms of iron and organic matter implies technogenic iron input. The increasing values of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu on the upper levels of sediments is related to both diagenetic migration and technogenic-antropogenic contamination. Fe21 Fe3 values of the northern coast are higher than those of the southern coast. This difference may be due to effect of the bottom water current pattern of Aegean Sea in the study area, which causes oxidasition of deep sediments particularly in the south.

  • Marmara sea

  • bottom sediments

  • labile forms of iron

  • Alavi, N., 1986, Geology of Turkish Straits, Institute of Mari ne Sciences, Middle East Tecnical University, Erdemli, İçel.

  • Art üz, î. ve Baykut, F. 1986, Marmara Denizi`nin hidrografisi ve su kirlenmesi açısından bilimsel etüdü, I.Ü. Çevre sorunları uygulama ve araştırma merkezi yayınları 47 s.

  • Bodur, M.N., 1991, Sedimentology and geochemistry of the late Holocene sediments from Sea of Marmara and its straits. Doktora, tezi, ODTÜ, Deniz Bilimler Enstitüsü, içel.

  • Ergin, M., Bodur. M.N., Edigcr V. ve Okyar. M., 1991. Mar marn Denizi`nin Kuzeydoğu ve Güneybatı kıta sahanlıkları ile Çanakkale ve İstanbul boğazlarındaki dip çökellerinin dağılımı, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, 6, 26-32.

  • Ergin, M., 1995, Marmara Denizi genç (Holosen) çökellerinde manganez ve organik karbon çoğalmaları: Karadeniz sularının muhtemel etkileri, Türkiye Jeoloji Ku rullayı Bülteni, 10, 224-229.

  • Glasby, G.P., 1986, Hiatuses in manganese nodule growth: Relation to bottom current activity?, Geo-Marine Letters, 5, 247-252.

  • Healt, G.R., 1981, Ferromanganese nodules of deep sea. Eco nomic Geology, 75 , 736-765.

  • Hein, C.R. Marjorie, S.S. ve Gcin L.M., 1992, Central Pasific cobal rich l`enoinanganese crusts. Historical perspective and regional variability, Keating, B.H. ve Bolton, B.R. (Eds), Geology and mineral resources of the central Pasific Council for energy and mineral resources. Earl Science series. 14, New York. Springer Verlag.

  • Krouskoph, • K., 1967, Introduction to Geochemistry, Me. Graw Hill company and Kögakuska company Ltd, 721p.

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  • Lovley, D.R. ve Klug, M.J., 1986, Model for the distribution of sulfatc reduction and methanogenesis in fresh water sediments, Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 195-225.

  • Me Mahon, P.B., Chapeile. F.H., Falls, W.F. and Bradley, P.M., 1992, Role of microbial processes in linking sandstone diagenesis with organic-rich clays. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 1-10.

  • Morozov, A.A., Demidova, T.T., Sevastyanova, E.S. and Osadchaya, N.V., 1987, Distribution peculiarities of forms of sulfur and iron in Late Quaternary sediments of the Black Sea. Lithology and geochemistry of sedimentation in near mouth areas of the Western Black Sea, Nauka, 57-81, Moskow.

  • Öztürk, B. ve Bourquel, J.P., 1990, Marmara Denizi`nde bulu nan siyah mercan Gcrardia savaglia (Bertolini 1819) üzerine preliminer bir araştırma, İstanbul Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Dergisi, 4,2, 45-49.

  • Roy, S., Dasgupta, S., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Fukuoka, M., 1990, Atypical ferromanganese nodules from pelagic areas of the Central Indian Basin, Equatorial Ocean, Marine Geology, 92, 269-283.

  • Shimkus, K., Öztürk, B. ve Yesin. N.V., 1993, Oil products, heavy metals and radionuciides in the recent bottom sediments of the Marmara Sea shallow water area (Ö/han, E. Ed.). Proceeding of the first international conferance on the Mediterranean coastal environment, METU, 1, 695-710. Antalya, Turkey.

  • Sokolov, V.S., 1980, Determination of labile forms of iron and manganese in marine sediments. Nauka, 28-41, Moskow.

  • Yamamato, S., 1992, Diagcnctic enrichment of manganese and other heavy metals in hemipelagic brown clay of Palu Trench floor, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 706-711.

  • Geological Characteristics of Gölbaşı (İsparta) Epithermal Arsenic Mineralization
    Mustafa Kuşcu
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    Abstract: Arsenic mineralization takes place within the Eocene aged Isparta formation which is Jlyschoid in character. The mineralization occurs as a main vein that is 38 m in length, 1-2 m in thickness with 1-50 cm thick stockwork veinlets developed arround the main vein. It is found along a normal fault zone trending approximately N-S. Realgar-bearing cahile veins have a simple mineral paragenesis which consits of coarse-grained calcite, realgar, barite, pyriteand orpiment. Realgar-bearing calcite veins are epithermal (50-120 C) mineralizations related to Pliocene trachy andesitic-latitic Gölcük volcanism.

  • Arsenic

  • mineralization

  • volcanism

  • epithermal

  • genesis

  • Bilgin, A., Köseoğlu, M. ve Özkan, G., 1990, İsparta Gölcük volkanitlerinin mineralojisi, petrografisi ve jeokim yası: Doğa Türk Mühendislik ve Çevre Bült. Dergisi, 14-2, 342-361..

  • Ercan, T., Dinçel, A. ve Günay, E., 1979, Uşak volkanitleri nin petrolojisi ve plaka tektoniği açısından Ege bölgesindeki yeri: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 22, 185- 198.

  • Gedikoğlu, A., Kuşçu, M. ve Türker F., 1988, Gölcük yöresi pomza yataklarının ekonomik özellikleri: Akdeniz Üniv. İsparta Müh. Fak. dergisi, Jeo. Müh. seksiyonu, 4, 432-449.

  • Guerbay, S. 1903, Gölbaşı arsenik raporu: MTA Genel Müd., Derleme no: 528, 7s. (Yayınlanmamış).

  • Guilbert, J. M. ve Park, C. F., 1986, The Geology of Ore Deposits: W.H. Freeman Company, New York, 985 s.

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  • Karaman, E., 1986, Burdur dolayının genel stratigrafisi: Akdeniz Üniv. İsparta Müh. Fak. Dergisi, 2, 23-36.

  • Koçyiğit, A., 1984, Güneybatı Türkiye ve yakın dolayında levha içi yeni tektonik gelişim: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 27, 1-15.

  • Kuşçu, M., 1994, Gölcük (İSPARTA) volkanizmasına bağlı olarak gelişmiş endüstriyel hammadde ve metalik maden yatakları: Çukurova Üniv. Müh. Mim. Fak. Dergisi özel sayı, 169-185.

  • Kuşçu, M. ve Gedikoğlu., 1990, Isparta-Gölcük yöresi pomza yataklarının jeolojik konumu: Jeoloji Müh. Dergisi, 37, 69-78.

  • Kuşçu, M. ve Selçuk, G., 1993, İsparta yöresi ignimbiritleri nin tras olarak kullanabilirliğinin araştırılması: Jeoloji Müh. Dergisi, 43, 25-23.

  • Özgüner, A. M., Fişekçi, A., Kılıç, L, Özgüner, E., Ölmez, M., Akıncı, A. ve Taş, N., 1989, Isparta-Keçiborlu kükürt yatakları maden jeolojisi raporu: MTA Genel Müd., Maden Etüd Dairesi Başkanlığı.

  • Roedder, E., 1983, Origin of fluid inclusion and changes that occur after trapping: mineralog. Assoc, Canada., short course Handbook., 2 nd ed., V. 6., 101-137.

  • Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions: Reniews in mineralogy; Paul H. Ribbe; Mineralogical society of America, volume 12, 643 s., Book crafters, Inc. Michigan.

  • Sarıiz, K., 1985, Keçiborlu kükürt yataklarının oluşumu ve yörenin jeolojisi: Anadolu Üniv., Müh. Mim. Fak. Yayınları, No: 22.

  • Tuncay, A., 1989, İsparta Kuzeybatısının Jeolojisi ve Maden Yatakları: Akdeniz Üniv. Fen Bilim. Enst. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 41 s. (Yayınlanmamış).

  • Yalçınkaya, S., Ergin, A., Afşar, Ö. P. ve Taner, K., 1986, Batı Torosların Jeolojisi: MTA Genel Müd. Jeoloji Etüd Dairesi Raporu.

  • Sedimentary Evolution of The Orhaniye-Güvenç (NW Ankara) Continental Deposits During Paleocene-Early Eocene
    Faruk Ocakoğlu Tahsin Attila Çiner
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    Abstract: The basin fill geometries of the Paleocene-Early Eocene units of the Orhaniye-Güvenç region (NW Ankara) is studied using stratigraphic sections. All over the study area, nonfossiliferous Uzunçarşı group overlies with a slight angular unconformity the late Maestrichtian aged Dikmendede formation that passes laterally and vertically to Kuşkonan formation. Uzunçarşı group, which is divided in Lülük, Gökdere and Sarıbeyler formations, plays an important role in the understanding of the Paleocene tectonics and the paleogeograpy of the reg ion.Lülük formation, which is only deposited in the central parts of the studied region, is made-up of the proximal to mid-alluvial fansediments. Gökdere formation sediments, wJiich cover wider areas, show braided river deposits characteristics. This formation is notdeposited in`the NE and S of the area. Sarıbeyler formation is the most extensive formation of the Uzunçarşı group and is composedof lake deposits in the NE and an alternation of lake and fluvial deposits in the SW. Sarıbeyler formation is overlain by a thin butareally extensive unit containing mainly volcanic cobbles, which is overlain by Middle Eocene shallow marine carbonate deposits. Paleocurrent measurements, lithofacies characteristics and distribution of the Uzunçarşı group elastics indicate a closeby S-SE source area. Therefore, Paleocene - Early Eocene sediments of Orhaniye - Güvenç region is not a northward continuation of Tuzgölü basin; but, form the continental fills of a tectonically controlled smaller basin.

  • Orhaniye-Güvenç (NW Ankara)

  • Paleocene - Early Eocene

  • alluvial fan

  • braided river

  • lake deposits

  • paleogeography

  • sedimentary evolution

  • Erk, A., 1957, Ankara civarı petrol ihtimalleri: MTA Enstitü sü, Rapor No: 2608.

  • Erol, O., 1954, Ankara ve civarının jeolojisi hakkında rapor: MTA Enstitüsü, Rapor No: 2491.

  • Gökten, E., Kazancı, N. ve Acar, Ş., 1988, Ankara Kuzeybatı sında (Bağlum-Kazan arası) Geç Kretase-Pliyosen Serilerinin Stratirafisi ve Tektoniği: MTA Dergisi, 108,69-81.

  • Kazancı, N. ve Gökten, E., 1986, Sedimentary characteristics of terrestrial Paleocene deposits in northern Ankara region, Turkey: Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ank., SerieC,4, 153-163.

  • Kazancı, N. ve Gökten, E., 1988a, Ankara kuzeyi Paleosen örgülü akarsu tortullarında çevrimscl depolanma ve litofasiyes değişimleri: TJK Bülteni, 31, 81-86.

  • Kazancı, N. ve Gökten, E., 1988b, Liıhofacies features and tectonic environment of the continental Paleocene volcanoclastics in Ankara region: METU Journal of Pure and applied Sciences, 21,1-3, 271-282.

  • Koçyiğit, A., Özkan, S. and Rojay, B., 1988, Examples From Fore-arc Basin Remnants of the Active margin of Northern Neo-Tethys: Development and emplacement ages of the Anatolian Nappes, Turkey: METU Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 21, 1-3, 183- 210.

  • Koçyiğit, A., 1991, An example of an accrelionary forearc basin from Northern central Anatolia and its implications for the history of subduct ion of Neo-Tethys in Turkey: Geol. Soc. of Amer. Bull, 103, 22-36.

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  • Miall, A., 1978, Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: A summary. In Miall A. (ed) Fluvial Sedimentology: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 5. 597-606.

  • Miall, A., 1985, Architectural-Element Analysis: A new method of facies analysis applied to iluvial deposits: Earth Science Reviews. 22. 261-308.

  • Nemec, W and Steel, R. J., 1984, Alluvial and coastal conglomerates: Their significant features and some comments on gravelly mass-flow deposits, In Koster, E.H. and Steel, R J. (eds.) Sedimentology of gravels and conglomerates: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 10, 1-31.

  • Oçakoğlu, F., 1991, Stratigraphie et sedimentologie des de pots continentaux d`age Paleocene-Eocene inferieure de la region d`Orhaniye-Güvenç (NNO d`Ankara). These de Master, Üniversite Hacettepe, Institııe de Science Fondamentales, 149p. (Fransızca tez).

  • Shultz, A.W., 1984, Subaerial debris-flow deposition in the Upper Paleozoic Cutler Formation, Western Colorado: J. Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 749-772.

  • Ünalan, G., 1981, Ankara Güneybatısındaki Ankara Melanjı`nın stratigrafisi: îç Anadolu`nun Jeolojisi Sempozyumu,`TJK yayını, 46-52.

  • Ünalan, G., Yüksel, V., Tekeli, T., Gönenç, O., Seyirt, Z. ve Hüseyin, S., 1976, Haymana-Polath yöresinin (GB Ankara) Üst Kretase-Alt Tersiyer stratigrafisi ve paleocoğrafîk evrimi: TJK Bülteni, 19, 159-176.

  • Thermodynamic Evaluation of Mineral Precipitates in The Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü), Turkey
    Mehmet Zeki Çamur Halim Mutlu
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    Abstract: The Salt Lake water could be classified as Na-Cl type brine with more dilute compositions in the deep zone. Major ion concentrations, in general, exhibit evaporation dependent evolution trends that are further modified by precipitating halite, gypsum, aragonite, and calcite minerals. In the main zone, sediments arc dominant ly composed of gypsum, huntite, magnesite, and polyhalite minerals whereas in the deep zone, Mg-calcite and dolomite minerals are the major constituents in the sediments. Thermodynamic saturation calculations to the lake data suggest that the models based on the specific ion-interaction and the ion-associationformulations could be used to determine the precipitation of evaporate minerals observed in nature. The overall prediction quality ofboth models is similar for the lake water with ionic strengths ranging from 1.35 to 8.5 calculated on t lie molal scale. Moreover, suchmodels are found to be very useful tools for the evaluation of the sediment mineralogy in the light of active precipitation. 

  • Tuz Gölü

  • brine saturation

  • Pitzer equations

  • mineral genesis

  • Aharon, P., Kolodny, Y. A., ve Sass, E., 1977, Recent hot brine dolomitization in the Solar lake, isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical study: J. GeoL, 85, 27-48.

  • Çamur, M. Z. ve Mutlu, H., 1995, Major ion geochemistry and mineralogy of the Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü) Basin, Turkey: Chemical Geology (in press).

  • Drever, J. I., 1982, The Geochemistry of Natural Waters, Prentice Hall, N. I, 388 s.

  • Ergun, O. N., 1988, Şereflikoçhisar yöresi Tuz Gölü güncel evaporit çökellerinin sedimantolojik incelenmesi: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Yayınları, 33, 1-73.

  • Erol, O., 1969, Tuz Gölü havzasının jeolojisi ve jeomorfoloji si: MTA Rap. No. 4220 (yayınlanmamış).

  • Garrels, R. M. ve Mackenzie, F. T., 1967, Origin of the chemical composition of some springs and lakes: In. W. Stumm (ed)., Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems. Am. Chem. Soc, Advances in Chemistry Series, 67,222-242.

  • Gueddari, M., Monnin, C, Perret, D., Fritz, B., ve Tardy, Y., 1983, Geochemistry of brines of the Chott el Jerid in southern Tunesia-Application of Pitzer`s equations: Chemical Geology, 39, 165-178.

  • Guggenheim, E. A ve Turgeon, J., 1955, Specific interaction of ions: Trans. Faraday Soc., 51, 747-761.

  • Hardie, L. A. ve Eugster, H. P., 1970, The evolution of closed-basin brines: Mineral, Soc. Am. Spec. Publ.., 3, 273-290.

  • Harvie, C. E., Moller, N,, ve Weare, J. H., 1984, The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: The NaK- Mg- Ca- H- Cl- SO4 - OH- HCO3 - CO3 - CO2 H2O system to high ionic strengths at 25C: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 48, 723-751

  • Irion, G., 1970, Mineralogisch- sedimentpetrographische und geochemische untersuchungen am Tuz Gölü (Salzsee), Türkel. Ph. D. dissertation, Ruprecht KarlUniversitaet (Heidelberg).

  • Irion, G., 1973, Die anatoiischen salzseen, ihr chemismus und die entstchung ihrer chemischen sedimcnte: Arch. HydrobioL, 71, 517-557.

  • Irion, G. ve Müller, G., 1968, Huntite, magnesite, and polyhalite of recent age from Tuz Gölü, Turkey: Nature, 220, 1309-1310.

  • Kinsmann, D. J. J., 1966, Gypsum and anhydrite of recent age, Trucial Coast, Persian Gulf: Proc. Znd Int. Salt Symp., Cleveland, Northern Ohio Geol. Soc, 1, 302-326.

  • M.T.A., 1982, Tuz Gölü havzası projesi jeoloji raporu: MTA Rap. No. 1200 (yayınlanmamış).

  • Nordstorm, D. K. ve Munoz, J. L., 1986, Giochemical Ther modynamics, Blackweli Sci. Pub., 477 s.

  • Pasztor, A. J. ve Snove, J. S., 1983, How to treat metal contamination from heavy clear brines: Oil Gas J., 81,141-146.

  • Pitzer, K. S., 1973, Thermodynamics of Electrolytes: I. Theoretical basis and general equations: Jour. Phys. Chem., 77, 268-277.

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  • Dating of The Sediments Exposed at The Northern Part of The Büyük Menderes Graben (Turkey) on The Basis of Arvicolidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)
    Engin Ünay Fikret Göktaş Hüseyin Yavuz Hakyemez Mehmet Avşar Ömür Şan
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    Abstract: The young fluvial sediments exposed at the northern part of the Büyük Menderes Graben have been assigned to latest Plioceneand Pleistocene on the basis of Arvicolidae. These constitute the first mammal findings explaining the age of the sediments at thenorthern part of the Büyük Menderes Graben and the tectonism which controlled the sedimentation. The evolutionary stages of thearvicolids may suggest the presence of four biochronologic units in the time interval between late Villanian and Toringian.

  • Arvicolidae

  • Late Pliocene - Pleistocene

  • Büyük Menderes Graben

  • Turkey

  • Akgün, F. ve Akyol, E., 1992, Palynostratigraphy of coal bearing Neogene deposits in Büyük Menderes Graben, Western Anatolia. 1 st International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology, Procedings and Abstract, 309.

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  • Fejfar, O. ve Horacek, I., 1990, Review of fossil arvicolids (Mammalia, Rodentia) of the Pliocene and Quaternary in Czechoslovakia (Fejfar & Heinrich`in editörlüğünü yaptığı

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  • Sulphur Occurences Associated With Celestite in Sivas Evaporite Basin of Tertiary Age (An Example Deposit: Ulaş-Bahçeciktepe Celestite Bed)
    Erdoğan Tekin Baki Erdoğan Varol
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    Abstract: This study aims the investigation of disseminated sulphur occurrences in celestite mineralizations at the upper section of Bozbelformation of Eocene age in Sivas basin, located in the Central Eastern Taurid suture belt. The sulphur formations in the study areaare economically insignificant. Electron microscope studies focused on microtexture examination indicate that these elementary sulphur format ions have crystal morphologies in the forms of cloud-like, lobous, spheroidal lace-like and kidney-like structures. Some sulphur crystals are blanketed by other substances. The results of elemental analyses show that the amount of organic matter inthis type ofc/ystals is nearly 1%. These elementary sulphur formations are ofbiogenic origin.The elementary sulphur occurrences in the celestite outcrop at the Bahçeciktepe location were formed by the disintegration ofcelestite crystals through the metabolic activity of sulphate reducing bacteria (most likely by "Desulfovibrio sp.").

  • Elementary sulphur

  • celestite

  • sulphate bacteria

  • Sivas-Ulaş

  • evaporitic basin

  • senning electron microscopy (SEM)

  • elemental analyses (TOC)

  • sulphate reduction

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  • Tekin, E. ve Varol, B., 1993, Sivas (İç Doğu Anadolu) havzasındaki sölestin yataklarının petrografik incelemesi. A. Suat Erk Jeo. Simp. Bildiriler Bült. 319-327, Ankara.

  • Tekin, E., Ayan, Z. ve Varol, B., 1994, Sivas-Ulaş sölestin oluşumlarının (Tersiyer) mikrodokusal özellikleri ve sıvı kapanım çalışmaları. Türkiye Jeo. Bült., 37/ 1,61-76.

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