Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1995 ŞUBAT Cilt 38 Sayı 1
COVER
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CONTENTS
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Consolidation Behaviour of Soils on The Anatolian Motorway Between Kazancı-Gümüşova
Halil Zarif
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Abstract: An 11 km long section of the Kazancı-Gümiişova Motorway is located on a soft alluvial soil. It is considered that determinationof consolidation characteristics of the alluvium soil, forming the basal soil along the studied motorway route and having low bearing capacity, is essential for the selection and design of art structures and for the in-profile optimization of the motorway embankment.In this study, data obtained from detailed in-situ and laboratory tests carried out on the basal soil at preliminary design andconstruction stages were evaluated. Based on the evaluated data, studied section of the motorway was divided in 

  • Embankment

  • consolidation

  • settlement

  • motorway

  • Ketin, 1. ve Gümüş, A., 1962, Sinop-Ayancık arasında III. bölge dahil sahaların jeolojisi, TPAO Rapor No. 213- 288.

  • Means, R.E., and Parcher, J.W., 1963, Physical Properties of soils: Charles E. Merril Publishing Comp., Columbia, Ohio, 467 pp.

  • Stroud, M.H., and Butler, F.G., 1975, The standard penetration test and the engineering properties of glacial materials: Proceeding of a symposium on Behavior of Glacial materials, Midland Soul Mechanics Society.

  • Van der Merve, D.H., 1964, The prediction of heave from plasticity index and percentage clay fraction of soils: S. African Civil Engr., 6, 103-107.

  • Zarif, I.H., 1991, Kazancı-Gümüşova Otoyolu KazancıBeyköy arasının Mühendislik jeolojisi: İstanbul Üniv. Fen Bilimleri Enst., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 159 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • A New Genus and Species of An Orbitoidal Foraminifera: Ilgazina Unilateralis N. Gen., N. Sp.
    Kemal Erdoğan
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    Abstract: In the present paper, an orbitoidal foraminifera Ilgazina unilateralis n. gen. n. sp. from the Maastrichtian of Ilgaz-Tosya (S Kastamonu) region has been described and its structural differences have been compared with the taxa showing similar structure. Thenew genus, which very closely resembles the genera Orbitoides, Sivasella and Hellenocyclina, is clearly differentiated from them bythe unilaterally situated chambers on its shell. 

  • orbitoidal foreminifera

  • N.gen.n.sp

  • Maastrichtian

  • S Kastamonu-Turkey

  • Dupeuble, P. A., Neumann, M. and Villain, J. M. 1972, A propos du genre Hellenocyclina Reichcl; Revue Micropaleontologic, 15, 1, 3 - 11.

  • Hakyemez, Y., Barkurt, M. Y., Bilginer, E., Pehlivan, Ş., Can, B., Dağer, Z., Sözeri, B., 1986, Yapraklı - İlgaz - Çankırı - Çandır Dolayının Jeolojisi, MTA Raporu, Derleme No. 7966, (yayınlanmamış) Anka- *

  • Hottinger, L., 1981, Fonctions de la Disposition alter nante des loges chez foraminiferes et la structure d` Omphalocyclus: Cahiers de Micropaleontologie, 4, 45 - 54.

  • Meriç, E., 1983, Foraminiferler, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayınlarından. Eğitim Serisi No. 26,- Ankara.

  • Neumann, M., 1972a, A propos des Orbitoidides du Cretase superieur et de leur signification stratigraphique I. Genre Orbitoides d` Orbigny, 1847, Revue de Micropaleontologie, vol. 14, No. 4, 197 - 226, 4 pl.

  • Neumann, M., 1993, The genus Orbitoides II. Revision of the different species, Revue Micropaleontologie, vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 301 - 353.

  • Pehlivan, Ş., Barkut, M. Y., Bilginer, E., Can, B., Da ğer, Z., Örçen, S., 1987, İlgaz Kuzeydoğusu - Boyalı - Kurşunlu Dolayının Jeolojisi, MTA Raporu, Derleme No. 8171, (yayınlanmamış), Ankara.

  • Reichel, M., 1949, Sur un nouveau Orbitoide du Creta ce superieur hellenique: Eclogae Geol. Hel., 42 (2), 480 - 485.

  • Sirel, E., Gündüz, H., 1978, Description of Sivasella n. gen. (Foraminifera) from the Maestrichtian of Sivas (Central Turkey), Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, c. 21, 67-75, Şubat 1978.

  • The Geochemical Characteristics of The Granitoids Bearing Porphyry Cu-Mo Mineralizations in Eastern Pontids
    Bülent Yalçinalp
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    Abstract: Granitic rocks cropping out in the Eastern Pontids are of Upper Cretaceous-Eocene in age and generally have quartz dioritegranodior ite-granite and tonalite composition in the northern parts. A number of porphyry Cu and Mo mineralizations are formed inrelation to these granitoids. Chemical investigations showed that these rocks are of l-type with calc-alkali affinity In addition they indicate an environment of island-arc which is gradually becomming mature.

  • Eastern Pontid

  • granitod

  • porphyry Cu-Mo

  • geochemistry

  • Aykol, A., ve Tokel, S., 1991, The geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Demirköy pluton of the SrednogorieIstranca granitoid chain, NW Turkey, Min. Magazine, 55, 249-256.

  • Brown, G.C., Thorpe, R.S., and Webb, P.C., 1984, The Geochemical Characteristic of Granitoids in Contrasting Arc and Comments on Magma Source: Jour. Geol. SocLon., 141,413-426.

  • Chappel, B.W. and White, A.J.R., 1974. Two Contrasting Granite Types: Pasific Geol., 8, 173-174.

  • Çoğulu E., 1975, Gümüşhane ve Rize Bölgelerinde Petrografik ve Jeokronolojik Araştırmalar: l.T.Ü Kütüphanesi, 1034, 112 s. istanbul.

  • Gedikoğlu, A., 1978, Harşit Granit Karmaşığı ve Çevre Ka yaçları: Doçentlik Tezi, K.T.Ü. Yer Bil. Fak. Trabzon. 185 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • JICA, 1986, The Republic of Turkey report on the cooperative mineral exploration of Gümüşhane area, consolidated report, Japan Inter. Coop. Agency. 147 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • Kuno, H., 1969, Differantiation of Basalt Magma, Interscience Basalts. 2. 623-688.

  • Mitchell, A.H., Bell, J.D., 1973, Island-Arc Evolution and Related Mineral Deposits: Jour. Geol. 81, 381-405.

  • Moore, M. J., Me Kee, E.H. ve Akıncı, Ö., 1980, Chemistry and Chronology of Plutonic Rocks, in the Pontid Mountains, Northern Turkey: European Cooper Deposits, 209-216, Belgrade.

  • Peacock, M.A., 1931, Classification of the Igneous Rock Series: Jour. Geol. 39, 54-79.

  • Pearce,J.A., Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G., 1984 Trace Elements Discrimination Diagram for the Tectonic Interpretation of Granitic Rock: Journal of Petrology, 25/4, 956-983.

  • Sawkins, F.J., 1972, Sulfide Ore Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonics, Jour. Geol., 80, 377-397.

  • Sillitoe,R.H., 1972, A Plate Tectonic Model for the Origin of Porphyry Copper Deposits: Econ. Geol. 67, 184-197

  • Taner, M.F., 1977, Etude Geologique et Petrographique de la Region de Güneşce-lkizdere Situe au sud de Rize (Pontid Oriantales, Turquie): Doktora Tezi, Geneve Üniv. 180 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • Tokel, S., 1981, Plaka Tektoniğinde Magmatik Yerleşimler ve Jeokimya, Türkiye`den örnekler: Yeryuvarı ve İnsan, 6/3-4, 55-65.

  • Van, A., 1990, Pontid Kuşağında Artvin Bölgesinin Jeokim yası, Petrojenezi ve Masif Sülfit Mineralizasyonları: Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü. Jeol.Böl. Trabzon. 220 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • Yalçınalp, B., 1992. Güzelyayla (Maçka-Trabzon) Porfiri CuMo Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojik Yerleşimi ve Jeokimyası: Doktora Tezi, K.T.O. Jeol. Böl. Trabzon. 175 s. (Yayımlanmamış).

  • Metamorphism and Geological Evolution of The Daday-Devrekani Massif, Kastamonu Region, Western Pontides, Northern Turkey
    Durmuş Boztuğ Osman Yilmaz
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    Abstract: The Daday-Devrekani massif, located around Kastamonu region of the western Pont ides, consists of various metamorphic rocksranging from Precambrian to Early Cretaceous in age. These metamorphic rocks were derived from different source rocks in different geodynamic environments by different metamorphic conditions. The Precambrian Daday-Devrekani metasedimentary group,consisting of high-grade metased intents, is made typically of continental crust. It has also been affected by an Early-Middle Jurassicretrograde metamorphism. The Samatlar group of Lower-Middle Paleozoic age (the epicont mental cover) has been metamorphosedto very low-grade by Upper Jurassic, uossibly in Lower-Middle Jurassic. The Börümce formation of Lower Jurassic aget comprisingboth epiophiolitic and epiconlinental characters with some Lower-Middle Jurassic K-Ar ages, was affected by the very low-grademetamorphism similar to that of the Samatlar group.The p re-Lower Jurassic Çangal metaophiolite is a well-preserved fragment of oceanic crust. The Çangal metaophiolite was initially subjected to an ocean floor metamorphism before Lower Jurassic in the physical conditions of greenschist and epidoieamphibolite fades, it has also been affected by a later metamorphism during Lower-Middle Jurassic period. There are some contactaureole rocks, called Göynükdağı metamorphite with a total thickness up to 400 m in Göynükdağı region, developed around the Ahiçay-Elmalıçay granitoid from the Middle Jurassic Kastamonu granitoid belt which is an arc plutonism product. The Göynükdağıcontact aureole is composed mainly of spotted rocks of hornblend-hornfels and albite-epidote hornfels fades in the inner and outerzones, respectively. rThe cataclastic rocks such as protomylonite, mylonite, mylonite-schist and mylonite-gneiss, derived from the continental assemblage, and the glaocophane-schists, derived from the oceanic assemblage, altogether yield some Lower Cretaceous K-Ar ages. The Precambrian D aday-Devrekani metasedimentary group and its epicontinenîal cover Samaîlar group, oldest units in the Daday -Devrekani massif, are considered to be the southernmost tip of Eurasian plate. The Çangal metaophiolite is thought to be a wellpreserved part of the paleo-Tethyan oceanic cruts. As for the Börümce formation, it is assumed as epicontinental and sometimes epiophiolitic cover. The Göynükdağı contact aureole determines the contact haleous developed around arc plutonism. The Lower -Middle Jurassic metamorphism, affecting almost all the units in the D aday-Devrekani massif, and the arc magmatism of the MiddleJurassic Kastamonu granitoid belt are interpreted as the products of the subduct ion zone created by the northward subduct ion of thepaleo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Eurasian plate. The Lower Cretaceous caiaclastites and glaucophanitic rocks are thoughtto have been generated by the collage between the Eurasia (Pontides) and Anatolia.

  • Daday-Devrekani massif Kastamonu province

  • Western Pontides

  • metamorphism

  • plate tectonics

  • Kastamonu province

  • Adamia, S., Bergougnan, H., Fourquin, C, Haghipour, A.,Lordkipanidze, M., Özgül, N., Ricou, L.E. and Zakariadze, G., 1980, The alpine Middle-East between the Aegean and the Oman traverses. 26e Congr. geol. internat., Paris, Coll. C5 Geologie des chaines alpines issues de la Tethys. Mem. B.R.G.M. No 115, 122-136.

  • Ataman, G., Yılmaz, O. ve Ertürk, O., 1977, Diyajenezankimetamorfizma geçişinin illit kristallik derecesi ile araştırılması (Batı Pontidlerde bir deneme). Yerbilimleri, 3,145-160.

  • Bergougnan, H. and Forquin, C, 1982, Remnants of a preLate Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey: Fragments of Permian-Triassic paleo-Tethys?: Discussion. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull, 93, 929-932.

  • Bingöl, E., 1989, Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Ölçek: 1/2.000.000. MTA, Ankara.

  • Bohnomme, M.G. and Yılmaz, O., 1984, First K-Ar data from the Daday-Devrekani and İlgaz massifs and the Kastamonu granitoid belt, northern Turkey. Terra Cognita, 4, 2, 199-200.

  • Boztuğ,D., 1987a, Göyükdağı kontakt metamorfitindeki benekli kayaçlann dağılımı ve mineralojik-petrografik özellikleri, Kastamonu bölgesi, Kuzey Türkiye. Melih Tokay Jeoloji Sempozyumu, 11-13 Kasım 1987, O.D.T.Ü., Ankara, Program ve Özler, 106-108.

  • Boztuğ,D., `1987b, Petrology of spotted rocks from the Göynükdağı contact aureole, Kastamonu province, northern Turkey. EUG-IV, 13-16 April 1987, Strasbourg-France, Program suppl., 13.

  • Boztug,D., 1988a, Daday-Devrekani masifi güneybatı kesiminin mineralojik-petrografik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Hacettepe Univ., 232 s, (yayınlanmamış), Ankara.

  • Boztuğ,D., 1988b, Daday-Devrekani masifi güneybatı kesiminin litostratigrafi birimleri ve tektoniği. Hacettepe Üniversitesinde Yerbilimlerinin 20. Yık Semp., 25-27 Ekim 1988, Ankara, s.20.

  • Boztuğ,D., 1989a, Alt-Orta Paleozoyik yaşlı Samatlar grubu (Karadere- Araç/Kastamonu)ve Mesozoyik örtüsünün kil mineralojisi ve vitrinit yansıması yöntemleriyle incelenmesi, IV. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildiriler. Kitabı, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sivas, 147-173.

  • Boztuğ,D., 1989b, Clay mineralogy and vitrinite reflactance of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic shales forming the epicontinental cover of Eurasian plate in Kastamonu region, western Pontides, Turkey . Terra Abstracts 1, 311.

  • Boztug,D., 1992, Lithostratigraphic units and tectonics of the southwestern part of Daday-Devrekani massive, Western Pontides, Turkey. Bull, of the Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara, 114, 1-22.

  • Boztuğ,D. ve Yılmaz, O., 1983, Büyükçay-Elmahçay granitoyidi (Kastamonu) ve çevre kayaçlarının mineralojik-petrografik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi. Yerbilimleri, 10,71-88.

  • Boztuğ,D., Debon, R, Le Fort, P. and Yılmaz, O., 1984, Geochemical characteristics of some plutons from the Kastamonu granitoid belt, northern Anatolia, Turkey. Schweiz. mineral. Petrogr. Mitt., 64, 389-403.

  • Boztuğ,D. ve Yılmaz, O., 1985, Göynükdağı (Kastamonu) yöresinde benzer görünümlü Jura ve Kretase yaşlı birimlerin kil mineralojisi ve illit kristallik derecesi yöntemiyle incelenmesi. II. Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Hacettepe Univ., Ankara, 27-38.

  • BoztuğJD. and Yılmaz, O., 1989, First K-Ar results of the Göynükdağ contact aureole, Kastamonu region, Westem Pontides, Turkey: A mixed age due to inherited muscovite, Turkey. Terra Abstracts, 1, 354.

  • Boztug,D. and Yılmaz, O., 1991a, Metamorphism and geological, evolution of the southwestern part of DadayDevrekani massif, Western Pontides, Kastamonu province, Turkey. Terra Abstracts, 3, 323.

  • Boztuğ,D. and Yılmaz, O., 1991b, K-Ar geochronology of the fine fractions from the Göynükdağı contact aureole: A mixed age due to inherited muscovite, Kastamonu, N Turkey. Mahmut Sayın Clay Minerals Symposium, Proceedings, 2-4 May 1991, University of Çukurova, Adana, 74-86.

  • Coleman, R.G., 1977, Ophiolites, ancient oceanic lithosphere. Springer-Verlag, 229 p.

  • Dercourt, J., Zonenshain, L.F., Ricou, L.E., Kazmin, V.G., Le Pichon, X., Knipper, A.L., Grandjacquet, C, Shortshikov, I.M., Geyssant, J., Lepvrier, C, Pechersky, D.H., Boulin, J., Sibuet, J.-C, Savostin, L.A., Sorokhtin, O., Westphal, M., Bazhenov, M.L., Lauer, J.P. and BijuDuval, B., 1986, Geological evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias. Tectonophysics, 123, 241-315.

  • Frey, M., Teichmüller, M., Teiclftnüller, R., Mullis, J., Künzi, B., Breitschmid, A., Gruner, U. and Schwizer, B., 1980, Very low grade metamorphism in external parts of the central Alps: Illite crystalliniry, coal rank, and fluid inclusion data. Eclog. geol.Helvet., 73, 173-203.

  • Ketin, 1., 1966, Anadolu`nun tektonik birlikleri. MTA Dergisi, 66, 20-34.

  • Kisch, H.J., 1974, Anthracite and meta-anthracite coal ranks associated with anchimetamorphism and very low stage metamorphism. Kon. Nederl. Akad. Wet. Proc. Ser. B, 77/2, 81-118, Amsterdam.

  • Kisch, H.J., 1980, Incipient metamorphism of Cambrio - Silurian clastic rocks from the Jamtland supergroup, Central Scandinavian Caledonides, Western Sweden: Illite crystallinity and vitrinite reflectanece. In Deformation and Metamorphism in the Caledonide Orogen, M.R.W. Johnson and W.E.C. Philips, (eds.), J.Geol Soc. London, 137,271-288.

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  • Miyashiro, A., 1973, Metamorphism and metamorphic belts. George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 492 p.

  • Miyashiro, A., 1975 Classification, characteristics and origin of ophiolites Jour. Geol., 83, 248-281.

  • Ricou, L.E., Dercourt, J., Geyssant, J., Grandjacquet, C, Lepvrier, C. and Biju-Duval, B., 1986, Geological constrains on the Alpine evolution of the Mediterranean Tethys. Tectonophysics, 123, 83-122.

  • Robertson, A.H.F., Dixon, J.E., Aktaş, A., Clift, P.D., Deg nan, P., Jones, G., Morris, A., Pickett, E., Sharp, I. and Ustaömer, T., 1991, Tectonic reconstructions of the Eastern Mediterranean region: Controversies, alternatives and possible solutions. Terra Abstracs, 3, 322.

  • Stach, E., Mackowsky, `M.-T.H., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D. and Teichmüller, R., 1982, Stach`s textbook of coal petrology. Gebrüder Borntaeger, Berlin, 535 p

  • Şengör,A.M.C, 1979, Mid-Mesozoic cloruse of PermoTriassic Tethys and its implications. Nature, 279,590-593.

  • Şengör,A.M.C, Yılmaz, Y. and Ketin, Î., 1980, Remnants of a pre-Late Jurassic ocean in northern Turkey: Fragments of Permian-lriassic paleo-Tethys?. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 91, 599-609.

  • Şengör,A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate Tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.

  • Şengün, M., Keskin, H., Akçören, F., Altun, I., Sevin, M., Akat, U., Armağan, F. ve Acar, Ş., 1990, Kastamonu yöresinin jeolojisi ve Paleotetisin evrimine ilişkin sınırlamalar. Türkiye Jeoloji Bült., 33, 1-16.

  • Tutkun,S.Z. and Boztuğ, D., 1991, Comparison of two Paleozoic domains in Turkey: Sambeyli (Adana) in Taurides and Araç (Kastamonu) in Pontides. Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 25/1, 131-146.

  • Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A.H.F. and Yılmaz, Y., 1991, Paleo tethyan tectonic evolution of the central Pontides, northern Turkey. Terra Abstracts, 3, 256.

  • Ustaömer, T. and Robertson, A.H.F., 1993, A Late PaleozoicEarly Mesozoic marginal basin along the active southern continental margin of Eurasia: Evidence from the Central Pontides (Turkey) and adjacent regions. Geological Journal, 28, 219-238.

  • Weaver, C.E. and Associates, 1984, Shale - slate metamorphism in southern Appalachians. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 239 p.

  • Winkler,H.G.F.,1979, Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. 5th ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 348 p.

  • Yılmaz, O., 1979, Daday-Devrekani masifi kuzeydoğu kesimi metamorfitleri. Doç. Tezi, Hacettepe Univ., 243 s, (yayınlanmamış), Ankara.

  • Yılmaz, O., 1980, Daday-Devrekani masifi kuzeydoğu kesimi litostratigrafi birimleri ve tektoniği. Yerbilimleri, 5-6,101-135.

  • Yılmaz, O., 1981, Daday-Devrekani masifi Ebrek metamorfi tinin petrografisi ve tümkayaç kimyası. Yerbilimleri, 8, 71-82.

  • Yılmaz, O., 1983, Çangal metaofiyolitinin mineralojikpetrografik incelenmesi ve metamorfizma koşulları. Yerbilimleri, 10, 45-58.

  • Yılmaz, O. ve Boztuğ, 1985, Göynükdağı metamorfiti. TÜBl TAK Projesi Raporu, TBAG-569, 121 s, 1 Ek, (yayınlanmamış), Ankara.

  • Yılmaz, O. and Boztuğ, D., 1986, Kastamonu granitoid belt of northern Turkey: First arc plutonism product related to the subduction of the paleo-Tethys. Geology, 14, 179-183.

  • Yılmaz, O. and Boztuğ, D., 1987a, Petrography, petroche misty and solidification sequences of the Ağlı pluton from the Kastamonu granitoid belt, northern Turkey. Yerbilimleri. 14,91-107.

  • Yılmaz, O. ve Boztuğ, D., 1987b, Göynükdağı (Kastamonu) yöresinin jeolojik ve mineralojik-petrografik incelenmesi. Doğa TU Müh. ve Çevre Dergisi, 11, 1, 91-114.

  • Yılmaz, O. and Bonhomme, M.G., 1991, K-Ar isotopic age evidence for a Lower to Middle Jurassic low-pressure and a Lower Cretaceous high-pressure metamorphic events in north-central Turkey. Terra Abstracts, 3, 501.

  • Yazıcık Bentonite (Niksar-Tokat Area/Turkey): Preliminary Data
    Aydoğan Akbulut
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    Abstract: Turkey has rich bentonite deposits. However, particularly in drilling bentonite, new deposits will be needed in future, apart fromthe Kalecik (Ankara) and Reşadiye (Tokat) deposits. Thus, bentonite deposits located at the Kelkit Valley ought to be investigated in detail, and necessary technological processes be carried out, to involve the deposit in economic utilization. Yazıcık bentonite occurin the Upper Cretaceous volcano sedimentary sequence. They have formed by the alteration of andesitic tuff and pyroclastic materialin marine environment. Yazıcık bentonite deposits, investigated partly in detail, seems to be hopefull as molding sand binder, at least in one bed.

  • Yazıcık

  • bentonite

  • swelling capacity

  • liquid limit

  • cation exchange capacity

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  • Akbulut, A., 1992, Yazıcık (Niksar-Tokat) bentonit yatağının maden jeolojisi raporu: MTA Der. No.9627, Ankara (yayımlanmamış).

  • Aktimur, H.T., Tekirli, M.E., Ateş, S., Teoman, M.Ş., Yurdakul, M.E., Ürgün, B.M., Keçer, M., Turşucu, A., Genç, S., 1989, Niksar, Erbaa ve Destek dolayının jeolojisi: MTA Der. No.8894, Ankara (yayımlanmamış).

  • Birkan,Ö. ve Kartal, G., 1974, Reşadiye (Tokat) bentonit sa halarına ait jeolojik etüdler: MTA Der. No. 5152, Ankara (yayımlanmamış).

  • Evinç, H., 1982, Türkiye Bentonit Envanteri: MTA Eğt. Serisi no. 184, 70 s. Ankara.

  • Grim, R.E ve Güven, N., 1978, Bentonites, Geology, Minera logy, Properties and Uses: 256 s. Elsevier.

  • Kalyoncuoğlu, A., Yaşar, M. ve Karabulut, A., 1975, Reşadi ye (Tokat) bentonit sahalarına ait ayrıntılı çalışma raporu: MTA Der. No.836, Ankara, (yayımlanmamış).

  • Le Berre, P. ve Rozes, B., 1981, Vers I`existence de gisements de bentonite en France? Prospection des argiles du Sparnacien dans I`Ouest du Bassın de Paris: Chr. Rech. Min. 460, 53-69.

  • O`Driscoll, M., 1988, Bentonite, overcapacity in need of mar kets:Ind. Min., July. 43-48.

  • Özoğul, 1., 1992, Bentonit, DPT VI. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Pla nı ÖIK Raporu: 1-22, Ankara.

  • Seymen, L, 1975, Kelkit Vadisi Kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay zonu`nun Tektonik Özelliği: Doktora tezi, İTÜ Maden Fak. 192 s. istanbul.

  • Terlemez, I., ve Yılmaz, A., 1980, Ünye-Ordu KoyulhisarReşadiye arasında kalan yörenin stratigrafisi: TJK Bült., 23, 179-191.

  • TSE, 1971, Sondaj çamuru katkı maddes, bentonit: TS 977, Ankara.

  • TSE, 1987, Döküm bentoniti: TS 5360, Ankara.

  • Sedimentology of The Upper Miocene-Pliocene Gypsium Series of The Beypazarı Basin, West of Ankara, Central Anatolia, Turkey
    Levent Karadenizli
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    Abstract: The studied Kirmir formation (Late Miocene-Pliocene) consists of alternation of gypsum and clay ey beds, which are conformably underlain by Bozbelen formation (sandstone, conglomerate, mudstone) and Sanycw limestones, and disconformably overlainby alluvium and tallus breccia of Pleistocene age.The unit includes three different fades, based on sedimentary properties of gypsum; 1) Individual gypsum beds inter bedded withgreen clays, 2) Scattered gypsum crystals and bassanite within an organic rich mudstone, 3) Massive gypsum with thin clay laminations. All these fades respectively reflect the different conditions of Neogene lake basin deposition: 1) Open lake with short evaporitic phases, 2) Marginal swamps with evaporitic ground water, 3) Closed lake with evaporitic lake water. These different stages ofgypsum occur ences primarily resulted from climatic changes from humid to arid. Tectonic is also thought to play a role on the regression of the lake area.

  • Beypazarı Basin

  • Gypsums

  • Gypsum Rose

  • Diapiric structures

  • Tepee Structures

  • Closed Lake

  • Altınlı, A., 1973, Bilecik Jurasiği. 50. Yıl Yerbilimleri Kong. Teb., 103-111, Ankara.

  • Arakel, A.V., 1980, Genesis and diagenesis of Holocene evaporitic sediments in Hah and Leeman Lagons, Western Australia. J. Sed. Petrology, 50, 1305-1326.

  • Buzzalini, A.D., 1969 (Eds.), Evaporites and Petroleum. Bull.Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol, 53, 4, 775-1011.

  • Caldwell, R.H., 1976, Holocene gypsum deposits of the Bullara Sunkland, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Thesis.Univ.Western Australia, 123 p. (yayınlanmamış).

  • Cody, R.D., 1976, Growth and early diagenetic changes in artifical gypsum crystals grown within bentonite muds and gels. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 87, 1163-1168.

  • Cody, R.D. ve Cody, A.M., 1988, Gypsum nucleation and crystal morphology in analog saline terrestrial environment. J.Sed. Petorology, 58, 247-255.

  • Göktunalı, K., 1963, Beypazarı linyitlerinin jeolojik etüdleri hakkında rapor. M.T.A. Raporu, Ankara.

  • Hardie, L.A. ve Eugster, H.P., 1971, The depositional environment of marine evaporites: A case for shallow, clastic accumation. Sedimentology, 16, 187-220.

  • Hardie, L.A., Smooth, J.P, Eugster, H.P., 1978, Saline lakes and their deposits. A Sedimentological Approach. Spec. Pub. Int. Ass. Sediment. 2,7-41.

  • Hardie, L.A.Xowenstein, T.K., Spencer, R.W., 1985, The problem of distinguishing between primary and secondary features in evaporites. In: Proc. Sixth int. Symp. on Salt (Eds., B.C. Schreiber ve H.L. Homers), Salt Institute, 1, 11-39, Toronto.

  • inci, U., Helvacı, C, Yağmurlu, F., 1988, Stratigraphy of Beypazarı Neogene basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. Newsl.Stratigr., 18 (2), 165-182.

  • İnci, U., 1991, Miocene alluvial fan-alkaline playa lignite - trona bearing deposits from an inverted basin in Anatolia: Sedimentology and tectonic controls on deposition. Sedimantary Geology, 71, 73-97.

  • Kavuşan G., 1991, Beypazarı-Çayırhan linyitlerindeki C,H, O,N, S dağılımları ve infrared spektrofotometrik araştırılması, tektonik ile değişimleri, A.Ü. Araştırma Fonu Proje Raporu, 61 s. Ankara.

  • Kinsman, D.J.J., 1969, Models of formation, sedimentary associations and diagenetic features of shallow water and supratidal evaporites. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 53, 830-840.

  • Magee, J.W., 1991, Late Quaternary Lacustrine, groundwater, aeolian pedogenic gypsum in the Prungle lakes, Southeastern Australia. Paleogeography,PaleoclimatologyPaleoecology, 84, 3-42.

  • Ogniben L., 1955, Inverse graded bedding in primary gypsum of chemical deposition. J.Sed. Petrology, 25, 273-281.

  • Schreiber, B.C., Friedman, G.M., Decima, A., Schreiber, E., 1976, Depositional environments of Upper Miocene (Messinian) evaporite deposits of the Sicillian Basin. Sedimentology, 23, 729-760.

  • Shearman, D.J., 1966, Origin of marine evaporites by diagenesis. Inst, Min. Metali, Trans., 75, 208-215.

  • Siyako,F., 1983, Beypazarı (Ankara) kömürlü Neojen havzasının ve çevresinin jeoloji raporu. M.T.A. Raporu, No:7431, Ankara.

  • Stchepınsky, v., 1942, Beypazarı-Nallıhan-Bolu-Gerede böl gesi jeolojisi hakkında rapor. M.T.A. Raporu, No: 1363

  • Varol, B. ve Kazancı, N., 1981, Nallıhan-Seben (Bolu) bölgesinde Üst Jura-Alt Kretase karbonat istifinin lito ve biyofasiyes özellikleri. TJ.K. Bülteni, 24,2,31-38, Ankara.

  • Warren J.K., 1982, The hydrological setting, occurence and signifiance of gypsum in Late Quaternary salt lakes in South Australia. Sedimentology, 29, 609-639.

  • Warren, J.K. ve Kendal, G.C.S.C., 1985, Comparison of marine sabkhas (subareial) and saline (subaqueous) evaporites: Modern and ancient. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 69, 1013-1023.

  • Yağmurlu, F., Helvacı, C, inci, U., Önal, M., 1987, Tectonic features to structural of the Beypazarı and Nallıhan Central Anatolia, Middle East Technical Univ., 20,4.

  • Fluid Inclusion Studies and Rare Earth Elements Geochemistry of Fluorite from Vaysal Village (Lalapaşa-Edirne)
    Ayşe Zeynep Ayan İsmet Özgenç
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    Abstract: Fluorit es were collected from a F-Pb vein related with hypabissal granodiorite porphyr intrusions ofSantonian-Campanian agewithin Istranca massif. In this vein type mineralization the fluorite and galena are the dominant ore minerals. Par agenesis consistsof fluorite + quartz + galena + pyrite + calcite. The host rock is represented by poly met amorphic crystalline basement of Precambrian age.M icrothermometric measurements on nearly 100 two-phase (1+v) inclusions yield mean homogenization temperature of 275 °Cforfluorites. Salinities range from 5 to 10 wt. percent NaCI equivalent, with mean of 7,5 %. M icrothermometric measurements onquartz reveal mean homogenization temperature oj`235"C. No fluid inclusions have been observed in calcites.The rare earth element contents of the fluorite is quite variable, ranging from 0,03 to 0,9 ppm and Ce/Yb ratios reflect the dominant trend of light rare earth element (LRIIF) enrichment. The similarity in the Tb/La ratios of dark purple, light purple and whitefluorite. indicates crystallization at about the same time. Chondrile normalized plot and rare earth element ratios of fluorite revealpersistent pozitive Ce anomalies, indicating low oxygen fugacities at the source area and negative Eu anomalies indicate the presence of the same conditions at the deposition site. Tb/La and Tb/Ca ratios confirm a liydrothermal origin for fluorites. 

  • Fluorite

  • fluid inclusion

  • rare earth elements (REE)

  • liydrothermal origin

  • Brookins, D.G., 1989, Aqueous geochemistry of rare earth elements. In: B.R Lipin and G.A McKay (eds), Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements., Mineral. Soc. of America., Review is Mineralogy., 21, 201- 225.

  • Denkel,U., 1955, Lalapaşa-Vaysal köyü kurşun madeni: MTA derleme no. 2418 Ankara.

  • Lindgren, W., 1933, Mineral deposits: Me Graw Hill Inc., New York., 930 p.

  • Roedder, E., 1983 Origin of fluid inclusions and changes that occur after trapping: Mineralog. Assoc. Canada., Short course handbook., 2nd ed., v.6., 101-137.

  • Möller, P ve Morteani, G., 1983, On the geochemical fractina tion of rare earth elements during the formation of Ca minerals and its application to problems of the genesis of ore deposits in Augustiths. In: S.S (ed)., The significance of trace elements in solving petrogenetic problems and contraversies., Theophrastus Pub., 747- 791., Athens.

  • Palme, H., Suess, H.E. ve Zeh, H.D., 1981, Abundances of the elements in the solar system. In: Landolt-Bornstein Group VI:Astronomy, Astrophysic, Extension and Supplement 1, Subvolume a (ed. in chief, K.H. Hellwege), pp.257-272, Springer-Verlag., Berlin.

  • Tokel, S ve Aykol, A., 1987, Kırklareli-Demirköy granitoyidi nin jeokimyası; Kuzey Tetis ada yayı sisteminde Srednogorie-Istranca bölümünün evrimi: 41. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri., s. 17, Ankara.

  • Üşümezsoy Ş., 1988 a, Trakya bloğunun metamorfik ve mağ matik evrimi ve tektonik konumu: 42. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri., s. 4., Ankara.

  • Üşümezsoy, Ş., 1988 b, Istranca ve Balkanid kuşağı porfiri tip cevherleşmelerinin kökeni ve tektonik konumları üzerine: 42. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri., s. 19., Ankara.

  • Üşümezsoy, Ş., 1990 Istranca orojeni; Karadeniz çevresi Kimmerid orojen kuşakları ve masif sülfid yatakları: Türkiye Jeoloji Bült., c.33, s.L, 17-27., Ankara.

  • Diagenetic Quartz Fabrics and Their Occurrence Conditions in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Berdiga Limestone (Eastern Pontids, NE Turkey)
    Mehmet Ziya Kirmaci
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    Abstract: Diagenetıc quartz crystals with different textural features are observed as cement and replacement in various lit/iologies andfossils of the Berdiga limestone of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous age which has widespread exposures in eastern Pontids. Spongia spicules, radiolarian tests, clay stones, granitic and volcanic rocks rich in K-feldspar is the source for the silica required for theformation of diagenetic quartz.Various models have been proposed to explain the dissolution of carbonates and/or the replacement of carbonates by silica. Themost appropriate model is the one which explains that silicification observed in the Berdiga limestone is likely to be due to a replacment mechanism controlled by the force of crystallization. The other models (especially bacterial decay of organic substances) mayhave played a role locally during the ini t at i on of silicification of carbonates.Comparasion of diagenetic qucutz types found in the Berdiga limestone with various diagenetic environments and/or diageneticproducts of these environments has shown that diagenetic quartz crystals are not contemporaneous, and that, depending ont he timedepth function (together with volumetric shrinkage) they are observed to change from chalcedony-to quartzine-to microcrystallinequartz-and to megaquartz from shallow to deep burial environments.

  • Berdiga limestone

  • diagenetic quartz

  • chalcedony

  • quartzine

  • microcrystalline quartz

  • megaquartz

  • silicification

  • Ağar Ü., 1977, Demirözü (Bayburt) ve Köse (Kelkit) bölgesinin jeolojisi: Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Trabzon, 58 s.

  • Akdeniz, N., 1988, Demirözü Permo - Karboniferi ve bölgesel yapı içindeki yeri: TJK Bülteni, 31, 1, 71-81.

  • Bergougnan, H., 1987, Ğtudes geologiques dans l`EstAnatolien: Theses de doctorat d`etat, Üniversite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 86-33, 606 p.

  • Burşuk, A., 1975, Bayburt yöresinin mikropaleontolojik ve stratigrafik irdelenmesi: Doktora Tezi, I.Ü., 196 s.

  • Berner,R.A., 1981, Early diagenesis: A theoritical approach: Princeton, N.J., Princeton Univ. press., 241 p.

  • Bj^rlykke, K. and Egeberg, P. K, 1993, Quartz cementation in sedimentary basins: AAPG Bulletin, 7, 1538-1548.

  • Brinbaum, S.J., 1984, Silica in sedimentary sulfite deposits: a microbial origin: Geol. Ass. Can., Program with Abstracts, 9, p. 47.

  • Brinbaum, S. J. and Wireman, J.W., 1984, Bacterial sulfate reduction and pH: Implications for early diagenesis: Chem. Geol., 43, 143-149.

  • Brinbaum, S J. and Wireman, J. W., 1985, Sulfate-reducing bacterial and silica solubility: a possible mechanism for evaporite diagenesis and silica precipitation in banded iron formations: Can. J. Earth Sci., 22 1904-1909.

  • Calvert, S. E., 1974, Deposition and diagenesis of silica in marine sediments, in Hsü, KJ. and Jenkins, H.C., eds., Pelagic sediments: Spec. Publ. I.A.S.I., 273-300.

  • Eren, M., 1983, Gümüşhane-Kale arasının jeolojisi ve mikro fasiyes incelemesi: Yüksek Lisans Tezi, K.T.Ü. Fen Bil. Enst., Trabzon, 197 s.

  • Folk R.L. and Weaver, C.E., 1952, A study of the texture and composition of chert: Am. Jour. Sci., 250, 498-510.

  • Folk, R.L. and Pittman, J.S., 1971, Length-slow chalcedony: a new testament for vanished evaporites: Jour. Sedim. Petrol, 41, 1045-1058.

  • Folk, R.L. and Asserto, R., 1974, Giant aragonite rays and boraque white dolomite in tepee fillings. Triassic of Lombardy, Italy (Abstract): AAPG, Abstracts with Programs, San Antonio, p.34.

  • Folk, R.L., 1977, Peculiar forms of diagenetic carbonate from hyper saline and cave deposits, ancient to recent (Abstract): Newsletter of West Texas Geological Society, p. 11.

  • Frondel,C, 1978, Characters of quartz fibers: Am. Mineral., 63, 17-27.

  • Gattinger, T.E., 1962, 1:500 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Hari tası: Trabzon (Ed.Erentöz, C. ve Ketin, I.), MTA, 75 s.

  • Greenwood, R., 1973, Cristobalite: Its relationship to chert formation in selected samples from the deep sea dirilling project: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 43, 700-708.

  • Gavish,E. and Friedman, G.M., 1969, Progressive diagenesis in Quaternary to late Tertiary carbonate sediments: Sequence an time scale: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 39, 980- 1006.

  • Gregg, J. M., 1983, On the formations and ocurrence of sadd le dolomite-Discussion: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 53, 1025.

  • Gregg, J.M. and Sibley, D.F., 1984, Epigenetic dolomitizati - on and the origin of xenetopic dolomite texture: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 54, 908-931.

  • Hacıalioğlu, T., 1983, Kale-Vavuk Dağı (Gümüşhane) arası nın jeolojisi ve mikrofasiyel incelemesi: Yüksek Lisans Tezi, K.T.Ü., Fen. Bil. Enst., Trabzon 121 s.

  • Heath, G.R. and Moberly, R., 1971, Chert from the Western Pasific, Leg 7, SDP: Init. Rep. Deep Sea Drilling Proj., 7, 991-1007.

  • Holdaway, H. K. and Clayton, C J., 1982, Preservation of shell microstructure in silicified brachiopods from the Upper Cretaceous Wilmington Sands of Devon: Geol. Mag., 119, 371-382.

  • Jones, D.L. and Knauth, L.P., 1979, Oxygen isotopic and petrographic evidence relevant to the origin of the Arkansas Novaculite: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 49, 581-597.

  • Jacka, A.D., 1974, Replacement of fossils by length-slow chalcedony and associated dolomitization: Jour. Sedim. Petrol, 44, 421-427.

  • Korkma, S. ve Baki, Z., 1984, Demirözü (Bayburt) yöresinin stratigrafisi, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülten 5,107-115.

  • Kırmacı, M.Z., 1992, Alucra-Gümüşhane-Bayburt yörelerin deki (Doğu Pontid güney zonu) Üst Jura-Alt Kretase yaşlı Berdiga kireçtaşının sedimentolojik incelemesi: Doktora Tezi, K.T.Ü. Fen. Bil. Enst., Trabzon, 256s.

  • Keene, J.B., 1975, Cherts and porcellanites from the north Pasific, DSDL Ieg32: Init. Rep. Deep Sea Drilling Proj., 32, 429-507.

  • Kııauth, L.P.,1979, A model for the origin of chert in limestone: Geology, 7, 274-277.

  • Lancelot, T., 1973, Chert and silica diagenesis in sediments from the central Pasific. In: Initial Reports of the Deep sea Drilling Project, (Ed. by E.L. Winterer, J.I. Ewing etal.),v.l7, p. 377-405.

  • Longman, M.W., 1980, Carbonate diagenetic textures from nearshore diagenetic environments: AAPG Bull., 64, 461-487.

  • Maliva,R.G. and Siever, R.,1988, Mechanism and controls of silification of fossils in limestone: Jour. GeoL, 96, 387-398.

  • Meyers, W.J., 1977, Chertification in the Mississippian Lake Walley Formation, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, Sedimentology, 24, 75-105.

  • Molenaar, N. and Jong, A.F.M., 1987, Authigenic quartz and albite in Devonian limestone: Origin and significance: Sedimentology, 34, 623-640.

  • Namy, J.N., 1974, Early diagenetic chert in the Marble Falls Group (Pennsylvanian) of Cental Texas: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., v. 44, p. 1262-1268.

  • Noble, J.P.A. and Van Stempwoort, D.R., 1988, Early burial quartz authigenesis in Silurian platform carbonates, New Brunswick, Canada: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 59,65-76.

  • Özer, E., 1984, Bayburt (Gümüşhane) yöresinin jeolojisi: K.T.Ü. Jeoloji Dergisi, Trabzon, 3, 1-2,77-89.

  • Pelin, S., 1977, Alucra (Giresun) güneydoğu yöresinin petrol olanakları bakımından jeolojik incelemesi: K.T.Ü., Trabzon, 88, 103 s.

  • Radge, B.M. and Mathis, R.L., 1980, On the formation and occurrence of saddle dolomite: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 50, 1149-1168.

  • Schmitt, J.G. and Boyd, D.W., 1981, Patterns of silicification in Permian pelecypods and brachiopods from Wyoming: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 51, 1297-1308.

  • Stehli, F.G. and Hower, J., 1961, Mineralogy and diagenesis of carbonate sediments: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 31, 358- 371.

  • Von Rad, V. and Rösch, H., 1974, Petrography and diagenesis of deep-sea cherts from the Central Atlantic, in Hsü, K. J. and Jenkins, H.C., eds., Pelagic sediments: Spec. Publ. I. A.S.I, p. 301-326.

  • Williams, L.A., Parks, G.A. and Crerar, D.A., 1985, Silica diagenesis, 1. Solubility controls: Jour. Sedim. Petrol., 55, 301-311.

  • Wise, S.W. and Weaver, F.M., 1974, Chertification of oceanic sediments, in Hsü, KJ. and Jenkins, H.C., eds., Pelagic sediments: Spec. Publ., I.A.S. 1, 301-326.

  • Zenger,D.H., 1983, Burial dolomitization in the Los Burro Formation (Devonian), East-Central California and the significance of late diagenetic dolomitization: Geology, 11,519-522.

  • The Talc Deposits of Kırantan (Ayrancı-Karaman) District, Turkey
    Abdurrahman Murat Sedat Temur
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    Abstract: In the sudy area, the oldest outer oping formation belonging to Bolkardağ Unit is represented by Berendi formation (Jurassic Cretaceous). It is overlain technically by Kıraman ophiolitic melange which is emplaced during Companion. Mazı formation consisting of basal conglomarete, clay stone and clayey limestone levels upward, is of Middle Miocene age. The older units are overlain by Mazı formation with an angular unconformity. Divlek formation overlying the Mazı formation conformably consists of oolitic limestone and is of Upper Miocene age.Talc deposits are found within the Kıraman ophiolitic melange especially at Dildeğmez and Dolay area. Talc occurences probably, can be attributed to the fracture systems formed by Prc-Miocene shearing forces. Silica bearing metamorphic and/or acidichydrothermal waters filling the fracturesof serpantin ites had altered the serpantinites and formed the talc deposits. The formationage of talc deposits may be of Late Upper Miocene-Pliocene.Talc deposits were formed as lens-shape. But these deposits were also surrounded by low-quality stockwork types talc occur ances. In the area 75 000 tons of visible and 250 000 tons of probable talc reserve has been calculated. As a result, talc deposits studied in the area possess a quality which satisfy the requirements of color-baked ceramic industry.

  • Geology

  • talc deposites

  • Kıraman Willage

  • ophiolitic melange

  • ceramic industry

  • Demirtaşlı, E., Bilgin, A. Z., Erenler, V., Işıklar, S., Sanlı, D.Y., Selim, M. ve Turhan, N., 1973, Bolkar Dağları`nın jeolojisi; Cumhuriyet`in 50. Yılı Yerbilimleri Kongresi, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Derg., 12, 42-67.

  • Demirtaşlı, E., Bilgin, A.Z., Selim, M. ve Turhan, N., 1983, Geology of the Bolkar Mauntains; Geology of the Taurus Belt Symposium, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Yayl., 125-143.

  • Gedik, A., Birgili, Ş., Yılmaz, H. ve Yoldaş, R., 1979, MutErmenek-Silifke yöresinin jeolijisi ve petrol olanakları; Türkiye Jeol.Kur. Bült., 22, 7-26.

  • Murat, A., 1992, Kiram an Köyü (Ayrancı-Karaman) kuzeyi nin jeolojisi ve talk yatakları; Selçuk Üniv.Fen Bil. Enst., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 36 s.

  • Oktay, F.Y., 1982, Ulukışla ve çevresinin stratigrafisi ve jeo lojik evrimi; Türkiye Jeol.Kur. Bült., 25, 1, 15-23.

  • Pampal, S., 1987, Ayrancı havzasında metamorfik Bolkar Grubu ve Tersiyer oluşukları; Gazi Üniv. MühMim.Fak.Derg., 2,5, 99-115.

  • Pampal, S. ve Meriç, E., 1990, Ereğli (Konya) güneybatısın daki Tersiyer yaşlı tortulların stratigrafisi; Türkiye Jeol.Kur. Bült., 33,39-45.

  • Temur,S., 1992, Bolkardağı (Ulukışla-Niğde) yöresi çinkokurşun yataklarının jeokimyasal incelemesi; TMMOB, Jeol.Müh.Odası, Jeol.Müh.Bült.,35,101-114.

  • Winkler, H.G.F., 1979., Petrogenesis of metamophic rocks; . University og Gottingen, Fourth Edt., SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 334 s.

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