Abstract: In this study, the Kultak palynoflora of the MuğlaMilasÖren (Kultak) region, which is characterizedby Ulmus, Pinus (haploxylontype), PiceaPinaceae, Cupressaceae, Castaneae, Cyrillaceae, Oleaceae,Poaceae, Carya, Engelhardia, Taxodiaceae, Quercus, Salix, and Myricaceae taxa, are firstly definedand this palynoflora is seen to correspond with the MN56 boundary. The Kultak palynolfora iscompared with previously defined palynofloras of Turkey (AnkaraÇayırhan, BalıkesirBigadiç; Gönen,SamsunHavza, ÇanakkaleÇan, ÇanakkaleEtili and AydınBaşçayır; Kuloğulları) and Greece(Kolivata, Evia ve Spanokhorion). Numerical climatic parameters (the mean annual temperatureMAT, the mean annual coldest month CMT, the mean annual warmest month WMT, and themean annual range of temperature MART) for all late BurdigalianLanghian palynofloras of bothcountries are obtained using the Coexistence Approach analaysis method. The effects of the MiddleMiocene climatic optimum period on Turkey and Greece, which is recorded in the late BurdigalianLangihan time interval in Europe, are discussed. This warm climatic period generally caused anincrease in the CMT values. Influences of the palaeoclimatic and palaeotopographic changes on thepalaeovegetation are interpreted, and especially their influences on termophilous plants (i.e.Schizaceae, Engelhardia, Sapotaceae and Cyrillaceae) grown in the palaeoflora of Europe and Turkey.Palaeovegetational differences during the Miocene time could be related to the palaeotopographicchanges involved in the palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic changing which is observed on a globalscale, based on the data obtained in the Milas-Kultak area.
Milas-Kultak
Palynology
late Burdigalian
Langhian Palaeoclimatology
Palaeovegetation
Palaeogeography
Agustí, J. ve Antón, M., 2002. Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids. 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe, Columbia University Pres, 313 pp.
Akgün, F., 1986. A palynological approach to the Neogene stratigraphy of Soma area. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey 29, 1325.
Akgün, F., 1993. Palynological age revision of the Neogene Soma coal basin. Bulletin Geological Society 28, 151170.
Akgün, F. ve Akyol, E., 1987. Palynology of coals around Akhisar (Çıtak). Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 30, 3550.
Akgün, F. ve Akyol, E., 1992. Comparative palynology and palaecology of Yukarıkaşıkara ve Yarıkaya (Isparta) coals. The Bulletin of Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists 4, 1020.
Akgün, F. ve Akyol, E. 1999. Palynostratigraphy of the CoalBearing Neogene Deposits Graben in Büyük Menderes Western Anatolia. Geobios, 32, 367383.
Akgün, F. ve Kayseri, M.S., 2004. Climatic Evolution and Vegetational Changes during the Miocene Period in central Anatolia (Turkey). NECLİME Annual Meeting, Island of Crete (Greece), p. 7.
Akgün, F. ve Sözbilir, H., 2001. A Palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian Molasse Basin: KaleTavas and Denizli Molasse. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 7193.
Akgün, F., Akay, E. ve Erdoğan, B., 2002. Terrestrial to Shallow Marine Deposition in Central Anatolia: A Palynological Approach. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, 127.
Akgün, F., Kayseri, M.S. ve Akkiraz, M.S., 2004. Paleoclimatic Evolution and Vegetational Changes from the Oligocene to Miocene in Turkey. NECLİME Annual Meeting, Island of Crete (Greece), p. 7.
Akgün, F., Kayseri, M.S. ve Akkiraz, M.S., 2008. Paleoclimatic evolution and vegetational changes during the Late Oligocene Miocene period in western and central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 56106.
Akgün, F., Kaya, T., Forsten, A. ve Atalay, Z., 2000a. Biostratigraphic data (mammalia and palynology) from the Upper Miocene İncesu formation at Düzyayla (Hafik, Sivas, central Anataloia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 5767.
Akgün, F., Özdemir, İ., Atalay, Z. ve Kayseri, M.S., 2000b. Palynostratigraphic correlation of the coalbearing Eocene sediments between ÇorumAmasya (ÇankırıÇorum basin, central Anatolia Turkey). 4th European Coal Conference (Poland), Programme and Abstracts, p 5.
Akgün, F., Olgun, E., Kuşçu, İ., Toprak, V. ve Göncüoğlu, M.C., 1995. New evidence on the stratigraphy, depositional environment and age of OligoMiocene cover rocks of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex. The Bulletin of Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists, 6, 5168.
Ashraf, A.R. ve Mosbrugger, V., 1995. Palynologie und palynostratigraphie des Neogenes neiderrheinischen bucht tein 1: sporen. Paleontographica B, 241, 61 173.
Ashraf, A.R. ve Mosbrugger, V., 1996. Palynologie und palynostratigraphie des Neogens Niederrheinischen bucht teil 2: pollen. Paleontographica B, 241, 198.
Benda, L., 1971a. Grundzüge einer pollenanalytischen Gliederung des türkischen Jungtertiärs (Känozoikum und Braunkohle der Türkei. 4. Beihhefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch, 113, 146.
Benda, L., 1971b. Principles of the palynologic subdivision of the Turkish (Kanozoikum und Braunkohlen der Turkei3.). Newsletter Stratigraphy, 1, 2326.
Benda, L. ve Muelenkamp, J. E., 1990. Biostratigraphic Correlations in the Eastern Mediterranean Neogene 9. Sporomorph Associations and Event Stratigraphy of the Eastern Mediterranean Neogene. Newsletter Stratigraphy, 23 (1), 110.
Benda, L., Meulenkam, E. ve Schmid, R. R., 1982. Biostratigraphic correlations in the eastern Mediterranean Neogene 6. Correlation Between Sporomorph, Marine Microfossil and Mammal Associations from some Miocene Sections of the Jonian Islands and Crete (Greece). Newsletter Stratigraphy, 11 (2) 8393.
Bessedik, M., 1985. Reconstitution des environements Miocenes des regions nordouest Mediterraneennes à partir de la palynologie. Ph. D. Thesis. University Montpellier 2, France, 162 pp.
Bessedik, M. ve Cabrera, L., 1985. Le couple récifmangrove à Sant Paud`Ordal (VallèsPénédes, Espagne), témoin du maximum transgressif en Méditerranée nord occidentale (Burdigalien supérieur Langhien inférieur), Newsletter Stratigraphy 14 (1), 2035.
Bozkurt, E., 2000. Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. In: Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and The Surrounding Area (Ed. by E. Bozkurt, J.A. Winchester ve J.D.A. Piper). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 173, 385403.
Bozkurt, E., 2001. Late Alpine evolution of the central Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 728744.
Bozkurt, E., 2003. Origin of NEtrending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 16, 6181.
Böhme, M., 2003. The Miocene Climatic Optimum: evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of Central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 195, 389401.
Braga, J.C., Jiménez, A.P., Martín, J.M. ve Rivas, P., 1996. Middle Miocene coraloyster reefs, Murchas, Granada, southern Spain. Models for Carbonate Stratigraphy from Miocene Reef Complexes of Mediterranean Regions. SEPM Concepts in Sedimentology and Palaeontology, 5, 131139.
Bruch, A.A., Utescher, T., Alcalde Olivares, C., Dolakova, N., Ivanov D. ve Mosbrugger, V., 2004. Middle and Late Miocene spatial temperature patterns and gradients in Europe preliminary results based on palaeobotanical climate reconstructions, Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 249, 1527.
Boulter, M. C., ve Craig, D. L., 1979. A Middle Oligocene Pollen and Spore Assemblage from the Bristol Channel. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 28, 259 272.
Chateauneuf, J.J. 1980. Palynostratigraphie et paleoclimatologie de l`Éocene superieur et de l`Oligocene du Bassin de Paris (France). Mémoires du Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, 116.
Dullo, W., 1983. Fossildiagenese im Miozinen Leithakalk Der Paratethys Yon Osterreich: Ein Beispiel Fiir Faunenverschiebungen Durch Diageneseunterschiede. Facies, 8, 1112.
Ediger, V. S., 1990. Paleopalynology of Coal Bearing Miocene Sedimentary Rocks Associated with Volcanics of the Biga Peninsula (NW Turkey) and the Effect Volcanism on Vegetation. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Paläentologic Abhandlungen, 180, 259277.
Frederiksen, N. O., 1985. Review of early Tertiary sporomorph palaeoecology. American Association of Stratigraphical Palynologists Contribution Series, 19, 1 92.
Flower, B.P. ve Kennett, J.P., 1993. The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 108, 537555.
Genç, Ş.C., 1998. Evolution of the Bayramic¸ magmatic complex, northwestern Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 233249.
Gelati, R., 1975. Miocene Marine Sequence from Lake Van, Eastern Turkey, Riv. Ital. Paleont. Stratigr., 81, 477490.
Gemici, Y., Akyol, E., Akgün, F. ve Seçmen, Ö., 1991. Soma Kömür Havzası Fosil Makro ve Mikroflorası. Maden Tetkik Arama Dergisi, 112, 161178.
Görür, N., Şengör, A.M.C., Sakınç, M., Tüysüz, O., Akkök, R., Yiğitbaş, E., Oktay, F.Y., Barka, A.A., Sarıca, N., Ecevitoğlu, B., Demirbağ, E. ve Akyol, A. 1994. Cross cutting rift systems of the Gökova Region, SW Anatolia: Implications for the formation of the aegean Sea. Bull. Tech. Univ., 47 (1), 275292.
Görür, N., Şengör, A.M.C., Sakınç, M., Tüysüz, O., Akkök, R., Yiğitbaş, E., Oktay, F.Y., Barka, A.A., Sarıca, N., Ecevitoğlu, B., Demirbağ, E., Ersoy, Ş., Algan, O., Güneysu, C. ve Akyol, A., 1995. Rift formation in the Gökova region, soutwest Anatolia:imlications for the opening of the Aegean Sea. Geolgical Magazine, 132, p. 637650.
Güngör, H.Y., 1991. Ankara (Beypazarı) Kömürlerinin Palinolojisi ve Paleoekolojisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Bitirme Tezi, 38 s. (yayınlanmamış).
Gürer, Ö.F. ve Yılmaz, Y. 2002. Geology of the Ören and Surrounding Areas, SW Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, p.113.
Gregor, H.J., 1983. Die miozäne Blatt und FruchtFlora von Steinheim am Albuch (Schwäbische Alb), Doc. Nat. 10, pp. 1 45.
Hardenbol, J., Thierry, J., Farley, M. B., Jacquin, T., Graciansky P.C. ve Vail, P. R., 1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence chronostratigraphic framework of European basins, in Graciansky, P.C., Hardenbol, J., Jacquin, T. ve Vail, P. R., eds., Mesozoic and Cenozoic sequence stratigraphy of European basins: SEPM Special Publication 60, p. 313.
Harzhauser, M. ve Piller, W.E., 2007. Benchmark data of a changing sea Palaeogeography, Palaeobiogeography and Events in the Central Paratethys during the Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 831.
Harzhauser, M., Mandic, O. ve Zuschin, M., 2003. Changes in Paratethyan marine molluscs at the Early/Middle Miocene transition: diversity, palaeogeography and palaeoclimate. Acta Geologica Polonica, 53, 323339.
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. ve Vail, P. R., 1988. Mesozoic and Cenozoic chronostratigraphy and cycles of sea level change, in Wilgus, C. K., Ross, C. A., Posamentier, H. ve Kendall, C. G. St. C. eds., Sealevel changes: an integrated Approach: SEPM Special Publication 42, p. 71108.
Helvacı, C., 1995. Stratigraphy, mineralogy and genesis of the Bigadiç borate deposits, Western Turkey. Economic Geol., 90, 12371260.
Helvacı, C. ve Yağmurlu, F., 1995. Geological setting and economic potential of the lignite and evaporitebearing Neogene basins of Western Anatolia. Turkey. Isr. J. Earth Sci., 44, 91105.
Hetzel, R., Rıng, U., Akal, C. ve Troesch, M., 1995. Miocene NNEdirected extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 152, 639654.
Hochuli, P.A., 1978. Palynologische Untersuchungen im Oligozän und Untermiozän der Zentralen und Weslichen Paratethys. Beitrräge Paläontologie Österreich, 4, 1132.
Ioakim, C., Rondoyanni, T. ve Mettos, A., 2005. The Miocene basins of Greece (eastern Mediterranean) from a palaeoclimatic perspective. Revue de Paléobiologie, 24, 735748.
Ivanov, D., Ashraf, A.R., Mosbrugger, V. ve Palamarev, E., 2002. Palynological evidence for Miocene climate change in the Forecarpathian basin (Central Paratethys, NW Bulgaria). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 178, 1937.
Ivanov, D., Ashraf, A.R. ve Mosbrugger, V., 2007. Late Oligocene and Miocene climate and vegetation in the Eastern Paratethys area (northeast Bulgaria), based on pollen data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 255, 34360.
JiménezMoreno, 2006. Progressive substitution of a subtropical forest for a temperate one during the middle Miocene climate cooling in Central Europe according to palynological data from cores Tengelic2 and Hidas53 (Pannonian Basin, Hungary). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 142, 114.
JiménezMoreno, G. ve Suc, JP., 2007. Middle Miocene latitudinal climatic gradient in Western Europe: Evidence from pollen records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 208225.
Jiménez-Moreno, G., Rodríguez-Tovar, F.-J., Pardo-Igúzquiza, E., Fauquette, S., Suc ve J.-P., Müller, P., 2005. Highresolution palynological analysis in late early- middle Miocene core from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: Climatic changes, astronomical forcing and eustatic fluctuations in the Central Paratethys. . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 216, 7397
Karayiğit, A.İ., Akgün, F., Gayer, R.A. ve Temel, A., 1999. Quality, palynology, and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Ilgın lignite, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 38, 219236.
Kaya, T., Tuna, V. ve Geraads, D., 2001. A new Late Orleanian/early astaraccian Mammalian Fauna from Kultak (Milas Muğla), Southwestern Turkey. Geobios, 34, 673680.
Kaya, O., Ünay, E., Göktaş, F. ve Saraç, G., 2007. Early Miocene stratigraphy of Central West Anatolia, Turkey: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Aegean area. Geological Journal, 42, 85109.
Kayseri, M.S., 2002. Palynostratigraphic correlation of the Miocene sediments with lignites and their depositional environments in the Central Anatolia, Turkey. MS. C. Thesis Dokuz Eylül Univ. İzmir, Turkey.
Kayseri, M.S. ve Akgün, F., 2008. Palynostratigraphic, Palaeovegetational and Palaeoclimatic Investigations on the Miocene Deposits in central Anatolia (Çorum Region and Sivas Basin). Turkish Earth Science, 17, p. 361403.
Kayseri, M.S., Akgün, F., Kaya, T. ve Mayda, S., 2006. Palynologıcal And Faunal Inventıons Of The OlıgoMıocene Perıod in The MuğlaKultak Regıon, Western Anatolıa (Turkey); Prelımınary Results, 7th European Palaeobotany & Palynology Conference, (Prague), p., 63.
Kayseri, M.S., Akgün, F. ve Örçen, S., 2007. Stratigraphy and microfaunal data of the Oligocene and Miocene ages in the Alakilise and Kultak regions (Gökova Region), NECLİME Annual Meeting (Slovakia), p. 15.
Kreutzer, N., 1986. DieAblagerungssequenzen der miozänen Badener Serie im Feld Matzen und im zentralen Wiener Becken. ErdölErdgasKohle, 102, 492503.
Krutzsch, W., 1957. Sporenund Pollengruppen aus der Oberkreide und dem Tertiär Mitteleuropas und ihre stratigraphische Verteilung, Zeitschrift für Angewandte Geologie, 3, 509548.
Krutzsch, W., 1958. Sporen und Pollengruppen aus der Oberkreide und dem Tertiär Mitteleuropas und ihre stratigraphische Verteilung, Zeitschrift für angewandte Geologie, 3(11/12), 519548.
Krutzsch, W., 1959. Mikropaläontologie (sporenpaläontologische) Untersuchungen in der Braunkohle des Geiseltasles, I. Die Sporen und die Sporenartigen sowie die ehemals zu Sporites gestellten Formeinheiten der Sporae dispersae der mitteeozänen Braunkohle des mittleren Geiseltales (Tagebau NeumarkWest i. w. S.), unter Berücksichtigung und Revision weiterer Sporenformen aus der bisherigen Literatur. Geologie, 21/22, 1425.
Krutzsch, W., 1961. Beitrag zur Sporenpaläontologie der präoberoligozänen kontinentalen und marinen Tertiärablagerungen Brandenburgs. Ber. geol. Ges. DDR, 5 (4), 290343.
Krutzsch, W. ve Vanhoorne, R., 1977. Die Pollenflora von Epinois und Loksbergen in Belgien. Palaeontographica Abteilung B Ionnides, 163, 1110.
Lécuyer, C., Grandjean, P., Paris, F., Robardet, M. ve Robineau, D., 1996. Deciphering temperature and salinity from biogenic phosphates: the δ18O of coexisting fishes and mammals of the Middle Miocene sea of western France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatoloy, Palaeoecology, 126, 6174.
McKnight, T.L. ve Hess, D., 2000. Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, ISBN 0-13-020263-0
Meulenkamp, J.E. ve Sissingh, W., 2003. Teriary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution op the Northern and Southern PeriTethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the AfricanEurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology, 196, 209228.
Mohr, B. A. R., 1984. Die Mikroflora der Obermiozänen bis unterpliozänen Deckschichten der rheinischen Braunkohle. Palaeontographica Abteilung B Ioannides, 191, 29133.
Mosbrugger, V. ve Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence Approacha method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial Palaeoclimate data using the plant fossils. Palaeogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology 134, 61 86.
Mosbrugger, V., Utescher, T. ve Dilcher, D.L., 2005. Cenozoic Continental Climatic Evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102.
Müller, P., 1984. Decapod Crustacea of the Badenian. Geologica Hungarica, Series Palaeontologica, 42, 1317.
Nagy, E., 1963. Spores et pollens nouveaux dune coupe de la briqueterie dEger (Hongrie). Pollen et Spores, 19, 361389.
Nagy, E., 1969. Palynological Elaborations of the Miocene Layers of the Mecsek Mountains. Annales Instituti Geologici Publici Hungarici, 52, 237650.
Nagy, E., 1985. Sporomorphs of the Neogene in Hungary. Geologica Hungarica Seria Palaeontologica, 47, 1470.
Nagy, E., 1990. Palynological correlation of the Neogene of the Central Paratethys. Geological Institute of Hungary, 1126.
Nebert, K. 1957. Die braunkohlenvorkommen von Oeren. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Rapor no 3011, 21p (yayınlanmamış).
Özerdem, C., Çemen, İ. ve Işık, V., 2002. The conglomerate member of the Gökçeören formation, Ören basin, western Turkey: its age sedimentary, and tectonic significance. Geological society of America, Abstarcts with Programs, 250.
Palamarev, E., 1989. Palaeobotanical evidence of the Tertiary history and origin of the Mediterranean sclerophyll dendroflora. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162, 93107.
Papp, A., Steininger, F. (1978): Holostratotypus des Badenien. Holostratotypus: Baden Sooss (südlich von Wien), Niederösterreich, Österreich. Badener Tegel Keferstein, 1828 Unterbaden; M4b; Obere Lagenidenzone). In: Papp A., Cicha I., Senes J. & Steininger F. (Eds.): M4 Badenien (Moravien, Wielicien, Kosovien). Chronostratigraphie und Neostratotypen, Miozän der Zentralen Paratethys, 6, 138 145, (VEDA SAV) Bratislava.
Planderová, E., 1991. Miocene Microflora of Slovak Central Paratethys and Its Biostratigraphical Significance. Vydal Geologický ústav Dioýza tura Roku, 1 144.
Pollak, W.H., 1979, Structural and lithological development of the PrinosKavala Basin, Sea of Thrace, Greece. Annales Géologiques des Pays Helléniques, Tome Hors Série, 2, 10021011.
Popov, S.V., Rögl, F., Rozanov, A.Y., Steininger, F.F., Shcherba, I.G. ve Kovac, M., 2004. LithologicalPaleogeographic maps of Paratethys; 10 maps Late Eocene to Pliocene. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 250, 46.
Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Plana, F., LopezSoler, A., Tuncali, E., Toprak, S., Ocakoğlu, F. ve Koker, A., 1999. Coal geology and coal qualiy of the Miocene Muğla basin, southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Internation Journal of Coal Gelology, 41, 311332.
Reigel, A., Wehmeyer, D., Meinke, K., Schwarz, G., Apostolikas, A., ve Velitzelos, E., 1989. Succession of depositional environments in the Neogene basin at Aliveri, Evia (Greece). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 70, 261273.
Rögl, F., 1998. Palaeogeographic considerations for Mediterranean and Paratethys Seaways (Oligocene to Miocene). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 99, 279310.
Rögl, F., 1999. Short Note Medıterranean and Paratethys. Facts and Hypotheses of An Olıgocene To Mıocene Palaeogeography (Short Overvıew). Geologica Carpathica, 50, p 339349.
Rögl F. ve Steınınger F.F., 1984. Fossils and climate 10, in Neogene Paratethys, Mediterranean and Indopacific Seaways, Brenchley, Vienna, 171200
SaintMartin, J.P., Müller, P., Moissette, P. ve Dulai, A., 2000. Coral microbialite environment in a Middle Miocene reef of Hungary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160, 179191.
Sanz de Siria Catalan, A., 1993. Datos sobre la paleoclimatología paleoecología del Neógeno del VallèsPenedès según las macrofloras halladas en la cuenca y zonas próximas. Paleontologia Evolució, 2627, 281289.
Seyitoğlu, G. ve Scott, B.C., 1992. Late Cenozoic volcanic evolution of the northeastern Aegean region. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 54, 157176.
Schmid, H.P., Harzhauser M. ve Kroh, A., 2001. Hypoxic Events on a Middle Miocene Carbonate Platform of the Central Paratethys (Austria, Badenian, 14 Ma), Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 102 A, pp. 150.
Shevenell, A. E., Kennett, J. P. ve Lea, D. W., 2004. Middle Miocene southern ocean cooling and Antarctic cryosphere expansion. Science, 305, 1766 1770.Slodkowska, B., 2004. Palynological studies of the Paleogene and Neogene deposits from the Pomerian Lakeland area (NW Poland). Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 14: 173.
Syabryaj, S., Utescher, T. ve Molchanov, S., 2007. Changes of climate and vegetation during the Miocene in the territory of Ukraine. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 153168
TheilePfeiffer, H., 1980. Die Miozäne Mikroflora aus dem Braunkohlentagebau Ode bei Wackersdorf /Oberpfalz. Paleontographica Abteilung B, 174, 95 224.
Thomson, P. W. ve Pflug, H., 1953. Pollen und sporen des mitteleurp.ischen Tertiärs. Palaeontographica Abteilung B Ioannides, 94, 1138.
Utescher, T., Mosbrugger, V. ve Ashraf, A., 2000. Terrestrial climate evolution in Northwest Germany over the last 25 million years. Palaios, 15, 430449.
Utescher, T., Erdei, B., Francois, L. ve Mosbrugger, V., 2007. Studies on diversity of plant functional types in the Miocene of Western Eurasia spatial distribution patterns in the Langhian, Sarmatian and Tortonian, and their relation to palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 226250
Ważyńska, H., 1998. Palynology and palaeogeography of the Neogene in the Polish Lowlands. Polish Geological Institute, p.145.
Whateley, M.K.G. ve Tuncalı, E., 1995. Quality variations in the highsulphur lignite of the Neogene Beypazari Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Coal Geology, 27, 131151.
Woodruff, F. ve Savin, S.M., 1989. Miocene deep water oceanography, Paleoceanography, 4 (1), 87140.
Venglinsky, I.V., 1975. Foraminifery biostratigrafiya miotsenovykh otlozheniy Zakarpatskovo progiba. Naukova Dumka, Kiev., 262 pp. in Russian.
Yılmaz, Y. ve Polat, A. 1998. Geology and evolution of the Thrace volcanism, Turkey. Acta Vulcanologica, 10, 293 303.
Yılmaz., Y., Genç, Ş.C., Gürer, Ö.F., Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. ve Elmas, A. 2000. When did the Western Anatolia grabens begin to develop? İn: Bozkurt, E., Wınchester, J.A., ve Piper, J.D.A., (eds) Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society. London, Special Publication 173, 353 384.
Zachos, J., Pagani, N., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. ve Billups, K., 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in the global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 689693.
Abstract: The Salyan Formation (Upper Burdigalian-Lower Langhian) of K. Maraş, Turkey contains thick-beddeddeposits of oysters. Bioerosion structures found on the Early-Middle Miocene oyster specimensCrassostrea gyrphoides (Schlotheim, 1813) from the Northwestern K. Maraş Basin area are muchaffected by the boring of micro-organisms. The borings, represented by three ichnogenera, are assignedto Renichnus isp., Caulostrepsis isp., and Entobia isp. The activity of Clionid sponges, Polychaeteworms and vermetid gastropods have also been observed.
bioerosion
Crassostrea gryphoides
Salyan Formation
Upper Burdigalian-Lower Langhian
K. Maraş
Turkey
Aigner, T., 1984. Dynamic stratigraphy of epicontinental carbonates, Upper Muschelkalk (M. Triassic), SouthGerman Basin. Neus Jahrbuch für Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 169, 127-159.
Baluk, W., 2006. Middle Miocene (Badenian) gastropods from Korytnica, Poland; Part V, Addenda et Corrigenda ad Prosobranchia. Acta Geologica Polonica, 56, 177-220.
Barrier, P. and DAlessandro, A., 1985. Structures biogeniques et physiques dans les sables de Pavigliana Reggio Calabra (Italie). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 91, 379- 408.
Brett, C.E. and Baird, G.C., 1986. Comparative taphonomy: A key to paleoenvironmental interpretation based on fossil preservation. Palaios, 1, 207-227.
Bromley, R.G., 1970. Borings as trace fossils and Entobia cretacea PORTLOCK, as an example. In: Crimes T.P and Harper J.G. (eds.), Trace Fossils. Liverpool, Seel House Pres, 49-90.
Bromley, R.G., 1981. Concepts in ichnotaxonomy illustrated by small round holes in shells. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 16, 55-64.
Bromley, R.G., 1992. Bioerosion: eating rocks for fun and profit. In: Maples, C.G. and West, R.R. (eds.), Trace Fossils: Short Courses in Paleontology, 5, 121-129. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Bromley, R.G., 1994. The palaeoecology of bioeorosion. In. S.K.Donovan (ed.), The palaeobiology of Trace Fossils, John Willey and Soons, Chichester, 134-154.
Bromley, R.G. and DAlessandro, A., 1983. Bioerosion of the Pleistocene of southern Italy: ichnogenera Caulostrepsis and Maeandroplydora. Rivista İtaliana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 89, 283-309.
Bromley, R.G. and DAlessandro, A., 1984. The ichnogenus Entobia from the Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene of southern Italy. Rivista İtaliana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 90, 227-296.
Bromley, R.G. and DAlessandro, A., 1989. Ichnological study of shallow marine endolithic sponges from the Italian coast. Rivista İtaliana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 95, 279-314.
Bromley, R.G. and Heinberg, C., 2006. Attachment strategies of organisms on hard substrates: A palaeontological view. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 232, 429-453.
Bromley, R.G. and Martinell, J., 1991. Centrichnus, new ichnogenus for centrically patterned attachment scars on skeletal substrates. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 38, 243-252.
Bronn, H. G., 1837. Lethaea Geognostica, oder Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der die Gebirgs-Formationen bezeichnendsten Versteinerungen Vol. 2. Stuttgart. Bryozoa -594-595.
Clarke, J. M., 1908. The beginnings of dependent life. N.Y. State Museum of Bulletin, 121,149-169.
Cutler, A.H. and Flessa, K.W., 1995. Bioerosion, dissolution and precipitation as taphonomic agents at high and low latitudes. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 25, 115-121.
Davies, D.J., Powell, E.N. and Stanton, J., 1989. Relative rates of shell dissolution and net sediment accumulation. A commentary: Can shell beds form by the gradual accumulation of biogenic debris on the seafloor? Lethaia, 22, 207-212.
Derman, A.S., Akdağ, K., Gül, M.A. and Yeniay, G., 1996. Relationship between sedimentation and tectonics in Maraş Miocene Basin. Eleventh Petroleum Congress of Turkey, 91-102.
Domenech, R., Gibert, J.M. and Martinell, J., 2001. Ichnological features of a marine transgression: Middle Miocene rocky shores of Tarragona, Spain. Geobios, 34, 99-107.
Donovan, S.K., 2003. The ichnofossils Renichnus arcuatus Mayoral, 1987 in the Pleistocene. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 30, 137-140.
Ekdale, A.A., Bromley, R.G. and Pemberton, S.G., 1984. Ichnology: the use of trace fossils in sedimentology and stratigraphy. Society Economic Paleontology and Minerology Short Course, 15, 1-317.
El-Hedeny, M.M., 2005. Taphonomy and Paleoecology of the Middle Miocene oysters from Wadi Sudr. Gulf of Suez. Revue de Paleobiologie, 24, 719-733.
Erünal--Erentöz, L., 1958. Mollusques du Neogene des Bassins de Karaman, Adana et Hatay (Turquie), Theses. A la Faculte des Sciences de lUniversite de Paris, Le Grade de Docteur es Sciences Naturelles, 232 p. Ankara.
Farinati, E. and Zavala, C., 2002. Trace fossils on shelly substrate. An example from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Acta Geologica Hispanica, 37, 29-36.
Feige, A. and Fürsich, F., 1991. Tophonomy of the Recent molluscs of Bahai la Choya (Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico). Zitteliana, 18, 89-133.
Gibert, J.M., Domenech, R. and Martinell, J., 2004. An ethological framework for animal bioerosion trace fossils upon mineral substrates with proposal of a new class, fixichnia. Lethaia, 37, 429- 437.
Golubic, S., Perkins, R.D. and Lukas, K.J., 1975. Boring microorganisms and microborings in carbonate substrates. In. Frey RW (ed.) The study of trace fossils. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 229-259.
Görög, A. and Somody, A., 1987. Trace fossils on Badenian (Miocene) Gastropods from Varpalota, Hungary. Annales Universitatıs Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae Secto Geologica, 27, 121- 160.
Gözübol, A.M. and Gürpınar, O., 1980. The geology and tectonic evolution of the North of Kahramanmaraş. Fifth Petroleum Congress of Turkey, Ankara, 21-29.
Hoşgör, İ., 2008. Presence of Crassostrea gryphoides (Schlotheim) from the lower Middle Miocene sequence of Kahramanmaraş Basin (SE Turkey); its taxonomy, paleoecology and paleogeography. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey, 136, 17-28.
Hoşgör, İ. and Okan, Y., 2009. First record of Crassostrea cyathula (Lamarck) from the Rupelian-Lower Chattian of Sarıbuğday-Kovancılar (NE Palu) Eastern Taurids, E Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 18, 615- 629.
Jagt, J.W.M., 2003. The ichnofossil genera Radulichnus and Renichnus in the Maastrichtian of the Netherlands and Belgium. Bulletin de LInstıtut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Science de la Tere, 73, 175-184.
Johnson, M.E. and Baarlı, B.G., 1999. Diversification of rocky-shore biotas through geologic time. Geobios, 32, 257-273.
Kidwell, S.M., 2002. Mesh-size effects on the ecological fidelity of death assemblages: a meta-analysis of molluscan live-dead studies. Geobios, 35, 107-119.
Komatsu, T., Chinzei, K., Zakhera, M.S. and Matsuoka, H., 2002. Jurassic softbottom Oyster Crassostrea from Japan. Palaeontology, 45, 1037-1048.
Macnaughton, R.B. and Pickerill, R.K., 2003. Taphonomy and the taxonomy of trace fossils: a commentary. Lethaia, 36, 66- 70.
Martinell, J., 1989. Interaccion organismos/sustrato duro: la bioerosion y sus implicaciones. In: Aguirre, E. (ed.), Paleontologia, 205-222.
Mayoral, E., 1987. Accion bioerosiva de Mollusca (Gastropoda, Bivalvia) en el Plioceno Inferior de la Cuenca del Bajo Guadalquivir. Revista Espanola de Paleontologia, 2, 49-58.
Neumann, A.C., 1966. Observations on coastal erosion in Bermuda and measurements of the boring rate of the sponge Cliona lampa. Limnology and Oceanography, 11, 92-108.
Önalan, M., 1988. Geological evolution of the Kahramanmaraş Tertiary peripheral basin. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 31, 1-10.
Perinçek, D. and Kozlu, H., 1984. Stratigraphy and structural relations of the units in the Afşin-Elbistan-Doğanşehir region (Eastern Taurus). İn: Tekeli, O. and Göncüoğlu, M. C. (Eds.), Geology of the Taurus Belt, Ankara-Turkey, 182- 198.
Pickerill, R.K., Donovan, S.T. and Portell, R.G. 2002. Bioerosional Trace Fossils from the Miocene of Corriacou, Lesser Antilles. Caribbean Journal of Science, 38, 106-117.
Pleydell, S.M. and Jones, B., 1988. Boring of various faunal elements in the Oligocene-Miocene Bluff Formation of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Journal of Paleontology, 62, 348-367.
Radwanski, A., 1977. Present-day types of trace in the Nogene sequence: their problems of nomenclature and preservation. In Crimes, T.P. and Harper, J.C. (eds.), Trace Fossils 2. Geological Journal Special Issue, 9, 227-264.
Robertson, A.H.F., Ustaömer, T., Parlak, O., Ünlügenç, U.C., Taslı, K. and İnan, N., 2005. The Berit transect of the Tauride thrust belt, S Turkey: Late CretaceousEarly Cenozoic accretionary/collisional processes related to closure of Southern Neotethys. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 1-40.
Savazzi, E., 1996. Adaptations of vermetid and siliquariid gastropods. Palaeontology, 39, 157-177.
Schlotheim, E.T., 1813. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen in geognostischer Hinsicht. Leonhards Taschenbuch der Mineralogie, 7, 1 134.
Stearly, R.F. and Ekdale, A.A., 1989. Modern Marine Bioerosion by Macroinvertebrates, Northern Gulf of California. Palaios, 4, 453-467.
Tarhan, N., 1984. Geology of the Göksun-AfşinElbistan region. Geological Engineering, 19, 3-9.
Taylor, P.D., 2006. Personal communication. Natural History Museum, England.
Taylor, P.D. and Wilson, M.A., 2002. A new terminology for marine organisms inhabiting hard substrates. Palaios, 17, 522-525.
Taylor, P.D. and Wilson, M.A., 2003. Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities. EarthScience Reviews, 62, 1-103.
Uchman, M., Demircan, H., Toker, V., Derman, S., Sevim, S., and Szulc, J., 2002. Relative sea level changes recorded in borings from a Miocene rocky of the Mut Basin, southern Turkey. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 72, 263-270.
Voight, E., 1971. Fremdskulpturen an Steinkernen von PolychaetenBohrga¨ngen aur der Maastrichter Tuffkreide. Pala¨ont. Zeitschr, 45, 144-153.
Wisshak, M., Gektidis, M., Freiwald, A. and Lundalv, T., 2005. Bioerosion along a bathymetric gradient in a coldtemperate setting (Kosterfjord, SW Sweden): an experimental study. Facies, 51, 93-117.
Yılmaz, A., Bedi, Y., Uysal, Ş., Yusufoğlu, H. and Aydın, N., 1993. Geological structure of the area between Uzunyayla and Beritdağ of the Eastern Taurids. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologist (TAPG Bulletin), 5, 69-87.
Yılmaz, Y. and Gürer, Ö.F., 1996. The geology and evaluation of Misis-Andırın Belt, around Andırın (Kahramanmaraş). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 39-55.
Mehmet Serkan Akkiraz
Funda Akgün
Sefer Örçen
View as PDF
Abstract: In this study, based on the palynological and foraminiferal the contents, palaeoclimatic,palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological interpretations of the Tokça Formation outcropping on theÇardakTokça Basin have been made. Limestones at reefal character in the Tokça Formation is knownas the Üçtepeler reef member. Tokça formation can informally be divided in three parts as the lowerside of reef, reef and upper side of reef. Succession under the reef consists chiefly of conglomerate,sandstone, mudstone alternation. In some places, there are plant debris and hematite bearing levels.Suquence on the reef is generally made up of sandstone and mudstone alternation, not availableconglomerate in any level and contains many thin coal seam. Besides, coal seam operated occurs at thelower sides of the sequence. Palynological assemblage has been obtained from both the sequences of thelower side and upper side of the reef. In the assemblage, Laevigatosporites haardti, Pityosporitesmicroalatus, Momipites punctatus, Caryapollenites simplex, Tricolpopollenites liblarensis ssp. fallax,Tricolpopollenites retiformis and Tricolporopollenites cingulum ssp. oviformis are dominant. Inaddition, dinoflagellates representing shallow marine environment have been identified. The richforaminifera community from the Üçtepeler reef member have been described. According toLepidocyclina (Eulepidina) dilatata dArchiac, Miogypsinoides sp. (primitivel forms), Austrotrillina sp.and Cycloclypeus sp., the age of the deposition has been determined as the lower sides of the UpperOligocene. When palynological and foraminiferal data has been evaluated with together, deposition ofthe Tokça Formation took place under marine influence. Sea level during deposition reefal limestoneshas reached its highest level. The statistical palaeoclimatic results indicate that the Tokça Formationwas deposited under subtropical conditions receiving the high rainfall. The quantitative climatic resultsobtained from the Rupelianlower Chattian Oligocene Tokça Formation compared with coeval basinsfrom Europe, the temperatures of that period in Anatolia suggests reaching a higher temperatures.
Turkey
Denizli
Tokça Formation
Oligocene
Palynomorph
Foraminifera
Palaeoclimate
Akgün, F., 2002. Stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental significance of Eocene palynomorphs of the Çorum Amasya area in the central Anatolia, Turkey. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 41, 576591.
Akgün, F. and Sözbilir, H., 2001, A palynostratigraphic approach to the SW Anatolian molasse basin: Kale-Tavas molasse and Denizli molasses, Geodinamica Acta, 14, 7193.
Akgün, F., Kaya, T., Forsten, A. and Atalay, Z., 2000. Biostratigraphic data (Mammalia and Palynology) from the Upper Miocene İncesu Formation at Düzyayla (Hafik Sivas, Central Anataloia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 5767.
Akgün, F., Kayseri, M. S. and Akkiraz, M. S., 2007. Palaeoclimatic evolution and vegetational changes during the Late Oligocene-Miocene period in Western and Central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253, 5690.
Akkiraz, M. S. and Akgün, F., 2005. Palynology and age of the Early Oligocene units in ÇardakTokça basin, southwest Anatolia: paleoecological implications. Geobios, 38, 283299.
Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F., Örçen, S., Bruch, A. A. and Mosbrugger, V., 2006. Stratigraphic and Palaeoenvironmental Significance of BartonianPriabonian (MiddleLate Eocene) Microfossils from the Başçeşme Formation, Denizli Province, Western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Science 15, 155180.
Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F. and Örçen, S., 2009. Stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental analysis of the LowerMiddle Oligocene units in the northern part of the Western Taurides (İncesu area, Isparta, Turkey) based on foraminifera and palynomorphs. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences (in press).
Akyol, E., 1971. Microflore de lOigocene infériur récoltée dans un sondage pres d Avcıkoru, Şileİstanbul. Pollen et Spores, 13 (1), 117133.
Batı, Z. and Sancay, H., 2007. Palynostratigraphy of Rupelian sediments in the Muş Basin, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Micropaleontology, 53(4), 249283.
Benda, L., 1971. Grundzüge einer pollenanalytischen Gliederung des türkischen Jungtertiärs (Känozoikum und Braunkohle der türkei. 4.). Beihhefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch 113, 146.
Göktaş, F., Çakmakoğlu, A., Tarı, E., Sütçü, Y. F. ve Sarıkaya, H., 1989. ÇivrilÇardak Arasının Jeolojisi [Geology of ÇivrilÇardak Region]. Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Report 8701, 107p (unpublished).
Gutnic, M., 1977. Geologie du Taurus Pisidien au nord dIsparta, Turkie. Principal resulthats, extraits des notes de. M. Gutnic entre 1964 et 1971 par O. Monod, Universite´ du Parissud Orsay, p. 130
Gürer, Ö. F.and Yılmaz, F., 2002. Geology of the Ören and surrounding regions, SW Turkey, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 11, 218.
Hakyemez, H. Y., 1989. Geology and Stratigraphy of the Cainozoic sedimentary rocks in the KaleKurbalık area. Bulletin Mineral Research Exploration Institute, 109, 921.
Hochuli, P. A., 1978. Palynologische untersuchungen im Oligosen der zentralen und westlichen Paratethys. Beitrräge Paläontologie, Österreich, 4, 1- 132.
Kayseri, M. S. and Akgün, F., 2008. Palynostratigraphic, Palaeovegetational and Palaeoclimatic Investigations on the Miocene Deposits in Central Anatolia (Çorum Region and Sivas Basin). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 361403.
Koçyiğit, A., 1984. Tectonostratigraphic characteristics of Hoyran Lake region (Isparta Bend). In: Tekeli, O., Göncüoğlu C. (Eds.), Geology of the Taurus belt. Proceedings International Sympossium, pp. 5367.
Kunzmann, L., 1995. Rekonstruktion einer tertiären Fluβlandschaft. Geologische und makropaläobotanische Untersuchungen am paläognen ZwickauAltenburger Fluβsystem im Weiβelsterbecken, NW-Sachsen. Mehoden, Möglichkeiten, Grenzen. Anbhandlungen des Staatlichen Museums für Mineralogie und Geologie zu Dresden, 41, 7395.
Meulenkamp, J. E., and Sissingh W., 2003. Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Northern and Southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 196, 209-228.
Mosbrugger, V. and Utescher, T., 1997. The coexistence approach-a method for quantitative reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial paleoclimate data using plant fossils. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 134, 6186.
Pross, J., Bruch, A.A., Mosbrugger, V. and Kvacek, Z., 2001. Paleogene pollen and spores as a tool for quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions: The Rupelian (Oligocene) of Central Europe. In: Goodman, D. K., and Clarke, R. T. (eds), Proceedings of the IX international Palynological Congress, Houston, Texas, U.S.A., 1996; American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Foundation, 299310.
Sancay, R. H., Batı, Z., Işık, U., Kırıcı, S. and Akça N., 2006. Palynomorph, Foraminifera, and Calcareous Nanoplankton Biostratigraphy of Oligo Miocene Sediments in the Muş basin, Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 15, 259319.
Sözbilir, H., 2002. Revised Stratigraphy and Facies Analysis of PalaeoceneEocene Supraallochtonous Sediments (Denizli, SW Turkey) and their Tectonic Significance. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 11, 87112.
Sözbilir, H., 2005. OligoceneMiocene extension in the Lycian orogen: evidence from the Lycian molasse basin, SW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18, 255282.
Yağmurlu, F., 1994. Isparta Kuzeyinde Yeralan Oligosen Yaşlı Molas Tipi Kırıntılı Tortulların TektonoSedimenter Özellikleri [Tectonosedimentary characteristics of the molasse type clastic sediments (Oligocene) in the northern Isparta, Turkey].Çukurova Üniversitesi, 15. Yıl sempozyumu, 241252 (in Turkish with English abstract).
YavuzIşık, N., 2007. Pollen analysis of coalbearing Miocene sedimentary rocks from the Seyitömer Basin (Kütahya), Western Anatolia. Geobios, 40, 701708.
YavuzIşık, N., 2008. Vegetational and climatic investigations in the Early Miocene lacustrine deposits of the Güvem Basin (Galatean Volcanic Province), NW Central Anatolia, Turkey. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology, 150, 130 139