Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Abstract: There are different aged rocks, mainly carbonates, in the Denizovası-Havadan region (Eastern Yahyalı, Kayseri). These carbonate rocks havetwo main parts as a tectonostratigraphic unit, which were named Siyah Aladağ and Beyaz Aladağ Nappes. Siyah Aladağ Nappe includes UpperDevonian Harebe Formation, Carboniferous Köşkdere Formation, Lower Permian Sanoluk Formation, Upper Permian Zindandere Formation,Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Uzunkoltepe Limestone, whereas Beyaz Aladağ Nappe has Middle-Upper Triassic Karaköy Limestone, Jurassic-LowerCretaceous Uzunkoltepe Limestone, Upper Cretaceous Zigaderesi Limestone. The additional hthological units in the region are also UpperCretaceous ophiolites, Upper Miocene-Pliocene volcanites and Miocene sediments.A lot of lead-zinc mineralizations are located in the region, and all of them are situated in the Siyah Aladağ and Beyaz Aladağ limestones. SiyahAladağ Nappe`s mineralizations (8 mineralizations) are closed to Denizovası district. Host rocks of these mineralizations consist of Upper Permianaged Zindandere Formation limestone and Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous aged Uzunkoltepe limestone. Beyaz Aladağ Nappe`s mineralizations (8 mineralizations) are closed to Havadan district. Host rocks of these mineralizations consist of Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous aged Uzunkoltepe limestones.Fifteen mineralizations of the region, which are epigenetic occurrences, connected with the NE-SW direction faulting. However, one mineralization in the Zindandere Formation limestones, unrelated with the faulting, which are syngenetic occurrences. Lead-zinc mineralizations are mostly carbonated and/or sulphated.According to microscopic observations and XRD determination reflected the mineralogical paragenesis consisting of primary minerals as galena, sphalerite, pyrite, marcasite, and secondary minerals as smithsonite, cerussite, anglesite, goethite, lepidocrocite and covellite. Mainly calcite andaccessory dolomite and quartz are accompanied with other minerals.Some trace elements such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Co and Ni analysed from the host rock collected from Zindandere Formation limestones andUzunkoltepe limestones. According to the trace element analysis; samples represented trace element contents extremely higher than the abundancyaverage cf limestones.Important observations of lead-zinc mineralization in the investigated area are as follows; mineralizations settle in the carbonate rocks, magmatic activity is not observed around the mineralization, ore-host rock contact is sharp and does not show an alteration zone, poor mineral paragenesis, occurrence of marcasite consider as the indicator of lower formation temperature, all of mineralizations mostly carbonated/sulphated, traceelement content ofhostrock is very rich.Findings of the present study and geological evolution of the Aladağ region may be interpreted together; Pb-Zn mineralizations in DenizovasıHavadan region, firstly, deposited as svngenetic origin in marine environment before rifting in Lower (or Middle) Triassic in the EasternMediterranean, later, block faulting developed in the region in Senonian. These faults affected Permian-Senonian rocks and napping occured in theregion. However, during and/or later napping, secondary mineralizations enrichend in the fault zones from the primary mineralizations (syngeneticmineralizations) and they were dissolved under the influence of the tectonism -sea water.

Abstract: This investigation is concerned with the effect of mineral content of soil to the tree leaves in Kisecik village and its surroundings located 11km NW of the city of Hatay.The leaves of Planatus oriantalis. Arbutus andrachne, Alnus glutinosa, Salix alba, Cistus creticus, Philyrea latifolia, Pistacia lentiscus,Quercus infectoria and Quercus coccifera were chosen for the study and 50 elements were analysed for 23 samples in the study area.The average values of the As, Zn, S, Au, Ag, Cd, Co, P, Na, K, Sb, Se, Y, Mn, Gd and Nd were determined to be higher in the leaves of thetrees having direct contacts with the auriferous quartz veins and sulphide lodes.On the other hand, the mentioned trees in the ultramafic area away from the auriferous quartz veins and sulphide lodes were found to beenriched in Mg, Ni, Fe, Mo, Cr, B, Sr, Ca, Ba, Al, Bi, Pr and Ce.The mean value of the Te, Ga, Sm and Dy were detected almost the same in the trees in the both area.Finally, U, Th, V, La, Ti, W, Tl, Ho, Tb, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu values of the leaves could not have been determined due to the low level of theseelements.As a results, some of the trees such as Cistus creticus and Salix alba were noticed to be the most sensitive trees affected by the soil. Pb, Ni,Co, Mn, Fe, Cd, Bi, P, Cr, Al, Na, Ga, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd and Dy content of Cistus creticus is higher than the rest. On the other hand Salixalba is higher in Mo, Zn, Ca, Mg, Se, S (in mining area) and Co, Mn and Cd (in non-mining area).This result suggests that leaves can be used as indicator for the auriferous quartz veins and sulphide lod

Abstract: Natural sodium carbonate minerals (soda minerals) are exploited commercially either by mining beds of buried fossil trona depositsformed in Tertiary playa-lake sediments or by extraction from the brines of recent alkaline lakes and play as. The known fossil deposits of theworld are located within Green River Formation, Wyoming (U.S.A), Hırka Formation, Beypazarı (Turkey) and Wulidui Formation, Wu cheng(Chine). Soda-rich recent alkaline lakes, and playas are as follows, Searles Lake (U.S.A), Lake Magadi (Kenya), San Critobal Ecatepec Playa(Mexico), Sowa Pan Playa (Botswana) and as future potential, Van Lake (Turkey).In general, fossil soda deposits and recent soda playa-lakes were formed or are presently forming by evaporation within intercontinentalbasins, in arid or semi-arid areas, fed partly, by surfaca streams and partly by thermal springs, and surrounded by abundant Na-rich volcanicand magmatic rocks. Soda deposits alternate generally with shale and bituminous shale beds. Soda extraction from the deeper lakes, such asVan Lake, is not presently economical, as soda consantration has not yet reached to sufficient level of concentration .Soda and soda ash are used as a source ofNajO in glass manufacture, in the production of various sodium chemicals, in water treatment,paper production, iron desulfurization, and many other uses. Although, production from brines and fossil trona deposits is becoming increasingly important, the bulk of the world`s soda ash is produced synthetically by some 60 solvay plants in more than 40 countries. Soda productionfrom natural deposits are mainly limited to U.S.A., Mexico and Kenya. Major soda producers by solvay plants are mainly U.S.S.R., UK, WestGermany, France, Chine, Bulgaria, and Japan.Annual soda production of the world is approximately 30 million tons, whereas Mersin Soda Industry in Turkey produces annualy, approximately 300.000 tons soda ash by solvay plant. It must be contributed to Turkey`s annual soda ash capacity by production from the Beypazarınatural deposit in the nearest future. 

Abstract: A number of zinc-lead deposits occur in different aged limestones belonging to the various stratigraphical units of the Middle Taurus Belt.They are mostly epigenetic ores and sometimes formed by limestone replacement. However, some authors also assume that the origin of somedeposits is sedimentary. From west to east, these deposits are Çarıksaraylar (Şarkikaraağaç - İsparta), Karalar (Gazipaşa - Antalya), Göktepe(Ermenek - Konya), Ortakonuş (Anamur - İçel), Tekneli (Çamardı - Niğde), Bolkardağ - Ulukışla - Çiftehan (Niğde) and Yahyalı (Kayseri) ores.Range ofö34S values in sulfide minerals collected from ore deposits vary in the galenas and sphalerites, from 0 -2.7 to +13.9 % and from 0-7.1% to +9.8 respectively. While Göktepe (Ermenek-Konya) deposits show negative values ofhi4S, the other deposits of Middle Taurus have positivehi4S values. The âuS values ofsulfides of the ore deposits fall in a narrow range. These isotopic compositions suggest that the Middle Taurus zinclead deposits have been derived from magmatic-hydrothermal sources possibly having mixed with some other fluids of different origin and influenced by their 34S and 3-S isotopes.