Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Abstract: Phrygian Valley, playing host to many different cultures for a thousand of years in west Anatolia, largelyin the Afyonkarahisar, Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces in Turkey, is one of the oldest settlement area in the world.The Phrygians and Romans left behind many carved rock monuments such as house, tombs, castles, temples in easilyerodible rocks such as volcanic tufa, agglomerate and ignimbrite in Phrygian Valley. Some of these remarkablemonuments are located in the area between Seydiler and Döger towns in Afyonkarahisar where the southern end ofthe Phrygian valley is.Besides these culturel sites, Seydiler region are also characteristics with the natural beauties such as fairy chimneys;an unusual rock formations shaped by the effects of surficial process in the volcanic sequence of the pyroclactictufa/ash deposits. Field based investigation reveals that seven natural heritage of the volcanic area in Seydiler arethe potential geosite areas with geotourism potential. These sites are, Seydiler lava-tufa formation, Seydiler castle,Kırkinler rock settlement, Kuzini rock settlement, fairy chimneys of Seydiler, stork rock, and Yanarlar rocks. In thisstudy we focus on the geologic and geomorphologic analyses of these natural and also cultural sites to interpretthe outcomes in terms of the geoheritage and geoturism potential of Seydiler volcanic area which is one of the mostremarkable settlement area in Phrygian Valley.

Abstract: Chemical composition of the Fırat River bank sediments which are located between Palu and Keban DamLake show that the Fırat River’s sediments can be named as sub-litharenite and felspar litharenite. In terms of themajor oxide contents in the Holocene Euphrates River sediments, the concentrations of Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, and TiO2are higher than UCC (Upper Continental Crust), and SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, and P2O5 concentrations are depleted. Pbisotope composition ratios of the studied sediment samples show that the natural weathering of the local lithologicunites is to be more effective on the river sediment chemistry than anthropogenic effects. Especially, at the P2,P4, P13, P17, P30, P43, P44, P46 and P49 sample locations are determined that the river sediments are mostlybetween natural lead values which come from the mafic volcano-sedimentary rocks due to 206Pb/207Pb (1.205 − 1.22)ratio. The units have characterization of Plio-Quaternary Palu Formation, Upper Miocene Çaybağı Formation, andUpper Cretaceous Elazığ Magmatic rocks. Physico-mechanical experiments show that the sediments of the FıratRiver have 2.6 gr/cm3 specific weight and sediments’ optimum bitumen is 4.6 % and their mixture type stability valueis 2300 kg. The physical-mechanical features of the sediments at the sample sites from P39 to P50 in the westernEast Anatolian Fault Zone show that clay size fractions are higher than the updown river sediment samples which are taken from P1 to P38 in the eastern fault zone. The obtained results indicate that the river sediment samplesfrom P1 to P39 at the west of East Anatolian Fault Zone are suitable for both raw material for cement or aggregateand bituminous hot mixture production as raw materials in the construction industry interms of stability and fluxing.  

Abstract: Borate deposits of western Anatolia were formed in the intra-continental playa lake sediments duringMiocene when the volcanic activity occurred from Paleogene to Quaternary. All mineralizations are associatedwith these volcanic activities. The main element Ca in Emet Şeyhler deposits shows enrichment compared to theaverages of Earth crust and andesite. The trace elements of Se, Sr, As, Sb, Mo and Li in borate deposits enrichmentsare determined. It can be concluded that based on the concentration of Se and Li elements could be recovered as byproduct, besides B. Elements in deposits are clustered in two groups. A large group consists of elements such as Si,Mg, Al, Fe, K and a second group composes of B, Ca and Na. According to Ce and Eu anomalies observed in the REEdistribution diagrams show these deposits should have formed under highly oxidative conditions with significanthydrothermal contribution.

Abstract: Antalya coast, which is approximately 640 km long, has been one of the most important tourism areas inTurkey. The coastal area has been destroyed rapidly because of the construction. Belek coasts constitute a goodhabitat for flora and fauna types due to its micro climatic features that also give rise to a very attractive holidayand rest place. In addition Belek coast, were shaped with coastal dunes of about 29 km littoral area. It’s quite richin natural life way and as a little living environment. With increase in tourism activity makes Belek coast to becomevery striking. According to coast law between shoreline and coastal edge is what’s called a coast. Recently, to benefitmuch from coast area human origin has been intervened. In this type of area, redefining form another differentshoreline. The sea side of the shoreline primarily use by public not the private sector. For this reason, the areas inwhich the people can benefit from coastal regions are gradually diminishing. In this study; the area between Acısuand Akdeniz coast were studied and described as special coastline site).  

Abstract: In the oil fields of northern Iraq, oil is generally produced from more than one reservoir. These reservoirsconsist of Tertiary (one reservoir interval) and Cretaceous (two reservoir intervals) aged units. In this study we triedto find out whether oil in different reservoirs is formed from a single source rock or from different source rocks andwhether they are formed as a result of a single or multi-phase migration.The Khabaz Oilfield is investigated in this study and wells selected in this field are producing from both Tertiaryand Cretaceous reservoirs. Physico-chemical properties of the oils such as specific gravity, API-gravity, amountsof asphaltene, sulfur, wax, ash and Ni, V and chemical composition of reservoir water are used in order to achievethe research purpose. Firstly; these parameters, which were separately defined for each well and reservoir, werearranged as a data base. Then by using computer-aided assessments and comparisons the data were comparedwith each other by the statistical methods such as correlation coefficient (R), factor analysis, and analysis of cluster similarity in order to determine similarities, proximities and differences between the reservoirs.Khabaz oil field has three separate reservoir intervals. These include Tertiary (Jeribe), Cretaceous (UpperQamchuqa) and Cretaceous (Lower Qamchuqa). According to the results of evaluation, all of the wells produce oilfrom a single structure in Khabaz oil field. Only Khabaz-2b is located out of this structure. In this field the specificgravity of oil is high and it contains abundant asphaltic components. Oil produced in the Khabaz Field is originatedfrom the same source rock (Chia Gara Formation). However, according to the result of statistical evaluation it isshown that there are two types of oil (a and b) in the Khabaz oil field. It could be concluded that this compositionaldifference is caused by degradation of oils during migration and/or in reservoirs.

Abstract: Geothermal power generation has been generally provided by moderate-high temperatures fluids at deepgeothermal zones in water-dominated reservoirs. For these systems, controlling of thermodynamically changes ofliquid phase and monitoring of temperature and pressure effects on geothermal fluids have great importance toprovide of geothermal system sustainability.In a geothermal system, to provide a good information on reservoir rocks types, water-rock interaction and geothermalfluids compositionwill be important to prevent some problems such as; scaling, corrosion etc. during operationalstage of geothermal power/heat systems.The discovered geothermal systems have water-dominated type in Turkey. Büyük Menderes Graben and GedizGraben are two of the largest graben systems in Turkey and there are more than 30 geothermal power generationsystems on these moderate-high temperatures geothermal fields along these graben systems in Western Anatolia.All these geothermal systems have scaling problems such as calcite and silica and they directly affect performance  of the geothermal energy systems. To prevent these problems geochemical modeling studies and geochemical testshave been performed before operational stage of power generation systems. Sustainability of the system directlydepends on determination of scaling types, selection suitable scale inhibitors and installation of inhibitor systemsfor a geothermal system.In this study, scaling tendency of geothermal fluids depends on reservoir geology and the most effective scaleprevention methods at different type geothermal power plantshave beendiscussed for moderate-high geothermaltemperature reservoirs in Western Anatolia and Kızıldere-II (Denizli) Geothermal Power Plant has selected as acase study to explain importance of suitable methods to prevent scaling. 

Abstract: One hundred and eleven benthic foraminiferal species belonging to 36 genera, 25 families,16 superfamilies and 4 suborders were identified from twenty samples collected from Bir Ali beach onthe Yemeni Arabian Sea coastline. The benthic foraminifera assemblages were dominated by speciesbelonging to Miliolina suborder with 71 species and 17 genera, followed by Rotaliina with 29 speciesand 14 genera, Textulariina 9 species and 3 genera and Lagenina 2 species and 2 genera. The distributionof recent shallow-water benthic foraminifera in surface sediment samples is in varians from sample toanother. Higher abundance of genus Quinqueloculina is recorded in almost all the samples of the studyarea. The recorded assemblages show a high similarity to the foraminiferal assemblages of the IndoPacific region, East African coast and Red Sea.

Abstract: “Çan stone” is composed of rhyolitic tuffs, which are the pyroclastic products of the Oligocene volcanicsof the Biga Peninsula, which have widespread outcrops around Çan-Etili. In this study, the petrographic andmineralogical (XRD-SEM / EDX) evaluations of Çan stone tuffs are carried out. Furthermore, geochronologicaldating is performed to determine the chronostratigraphic position in the widespread volcanism of the area. The Çanstone tuff, which is determined to be of late Oligocene age, shows light yellowish, creamy and reddish -brownishdifferent motifs developed by ferrious oxidation after hydrothermal alteration. According to the results of the XRDand SEM / EDX analyzes of Çan stones; quartz, sanidine, albite, pyrite, kaolinite, alunite and rarely biotite andamphibole minerals are detected. The pyrite minerals, which are rarely euhedral and mostly composed of crystalspacked in frambolites, form different patterns on these tuffs. Owing to these motifs, Çan stones have been interestedand used for covering stone and / or for decorative purposes in the construction sector for many years.