Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1973 AĞUSTOS Cilt 16 Sayı 2
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A Theoretical Analysis of Progreeive, a retrogressive Failure in Discontinius Rock Masses Subjekted to "in-Situ" Shear
Kadri Erçin Kasapoğlu
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Abstract: This paper presents a study of shear deformation whichincludes a theoretical approach to progressive - retrogressive failure,involving discontinuous, elastic-elatoplastic finite element method.It has been concluded that choice of boundary conditions exertd an important control on failure mechanism. Under certain boundary conditions,the ultimate failure of the test block is a consequence of multiple fracturemode. "In-situ" shear tests on geological materials should be interpretedin more sophisticated terms; i.e., as a consequence of variable combinedstress state, involving inhomogeneous stress field, one / several of principal stresses being tensile; extensive stress reorientation; multiplecrack propagation. The theoretical approach to the mechanism of sheardeformation. The theoretical approach to the mechanism of shear deformation failure characteristics of "ın-situ" shear tests, utilizing finiteelement method, appears to be a valid approach for prediction of certainexperimental results. 

  • In-situ shear

  • elastic-elatoplastic finite element method

  • stress reorientation


  • Dahl, D. and Voight, B., 1969 Isotropie and anisotropic plastic yield associated with cylindrical underground excavations - Proc. Int. Symp. on Large Permanent Underground Openings, Oslo.

  • Evdokimov, P,. D. and Sapegin, D. D., 1970 A large scale field shear test on rock - Proc. 2nd. Conf. Int. Soc. Rock Mech., Belgrade, v. 2 pap 3-17.

  • Khair, A. W. 1971 A study of mechanical properties of Berea sandstone for use in the A.G.A. large model studies — The Pennsylvania State University Internal Report RML-IR/71-20.

  • Ruiz, M. D., Camargo, F. P. and Nieble, C.M., 1968 Some considerations regarding the shear strength of rock masses- Int. Symp., on Rock Mech., Madrid, 159-161.

  • Voight, B., 1969 Numerical continuum approaches to analysis of non-linear rock deformation - Conf. on Research in Tectonics, Hamilton, Ontario.

  • Wang, Y. J. and Voight, B., 1969 A discrete element stress analysis model for discontinuous materials - Proc. Int. Symp. on Large Permanent Underground Openings, Oslo.

  • Kasapoğlu, K . (1973). A, Theoretical Analysis of Progressive and Retrogressive Failure in Discontinuous Bock Masses Subjected to `In-Situ` Shear . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 1-38 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852444

  • New Data on The Stratigraphy The Conodont Faunas of Çaltepe Limestone, Seydişehir Formation Lower Paleozoic of Central Taurus Range
    Necdet Özgül İsmet Gedik
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    Abstract: Çaltepe Limestone, Seydişehir Formation which are known from Seydişehir area (Northern Central Taurus) crop out also near Hadim, (Konya) through a tectonic fenster. In this latter locality dark colored shales, unknown from Seydişehir area, form the basal part of the sequence. The sequence ther is overturned the shales are seen above Çaltepe Limestone along Göksu valley. Arenigian trilobites were found in Seydişehir Formation in Seydişehir atea (Dean, Monod, 1970). The same formation yielded Upper Cambrian (Hertzina bisulcata, Oneotodus tenuis, Oneotodus gallatini, Acodus cambricus) , Lower Ordovician (Drepanodus homocurvaltus, Drepanodus planus )conodonts,d Acrotretid brachiopoda in Hadim area where these Lower Paleozoic rocks are directly uncomformably overlain by Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous limestones. Lower Paleozoic of Central, Eastern Taurus, of Southeastern Anatolia, of Amanos mountains exhibit very similar stratigraphical, lithological characteristics.

  • Çaltepe Limestone

  • Seydişehir Formation

  • conodont

  • Northern Central Taurus


  • Atan, O., 1969, Eğribucak-Karacaören (Hassa) Ceyhanlı-Dazevleri (Kırıkhan) arasındaki Amanos Dağlarının Jeolojisi: M .T. A. Yayını, no. 139, 58 s.

  • Blumenthal, M., M., 1944, Bozkır güneyinde Toros sıradağlarının serisi ve yapısı: İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fak. Mec., Seri B, Cilt IX, sayı 2, S 95-125.

  • Blumenthal, M., M.,1947, Seydişehir-Beyşehir hinterlandındaki Toros Dağlarının Jeolojisi: M.T.A. Yayını, Seri D, no. 2. 242 s.

  • Clark, D. L. ve Miller, J.F. 1969, Early evolution of conodonts: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 80, 125-134, 8 fig.

  • Clark, D. L. ve Miller, J.F ve Robinson, R. A., 1969; Oldest conodonte in North America: Jour. Paleontology, v. 43, 1044-1046.

  • Desprairies, A. ve Gutnic, M., 1970, Les grès rouges au sommet du Paléozoique du massif du Sultandağ et les niveaux ferralitiques de la couverture mésozoique: Bull. Soc. Géol. de France (7), XII, no. 3, pp. 505-514.

  • Ethington, R. L. ve Clark, D. L., 1964, Conodonts from the El Paso Formation (Ordovician) of Texas and Arizona: Jour. Paleontology, v. 38, 685-704, pls. 113-115.

  • Ethington, R. L. ve Clark, D. L.,1965, Lower Ordovician conodonts and other microfossils from the Columbia Ice Fields Section, Alberta, Canada: Young Univ.. Geology Studies, v. 12, 185-205, 2 pls.

  • Ethington, R. L. ve Clark, D. L.,1971, Lower Ordovician conodonts in North America; Geol. Soc. America, Memoir 127, 63-82, 2 pls.

  • Furnish, W. M., 1938, Conodonts from Prairie du Chien (Lower Ordovician) Beds of the Upper Mississippi Valey: Jour. Paleontology, v. 12, 318- 340, pls 41, 42.

  • Greggs, R. G. ve Bond, I. J., 1971, Conodonts from the March and Oxford Formations in the Brockville Area, Ontario: Canadian Jour. Earth Sciences, v. 8, 1455-1471, 2 pls.

  • Haude, H., 1969, Das Alt-Palaozoikum-Pirakambrium bis Silurium in der Türkei: Zentbl. Geol. Palaont., Stuttgart, Teil 1: 702-719.

  • Ketin, İ., 1966, Güneydoğu Anadolu`nun Kambrien teşekkülleri ve bunların Doğu İran Kambrieni ile mukayesesi: M.T.A. Derg. Sayı 66, s. 75-87.

  • Monod, O., 1967, Batı Toros kalkerlerinin temelindeki Seydişehir şistlerinde bulunan Ordovisien bir fauna: M.T.A. Derg., sayı 69, s. 76-85.

  • Miller, J. F., 1969, Conodont fauna of the Notch Peak Limestone (Cambro-Ordovician), House Range, Utah: Jour. Paleontology, v. 43, 413- 439, pls. 63-66.

  • Müller, K. J. 1959, Kambrische Conodonten: Deutsch. Geoh Gesell. Zeitschr., Bd, 111, 434-485, Taf. 11-15.

  • Müller, K. J.1964, Conodonten aus dem unteren Ordovizium von Südkorea: N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh., Bd. 119, 93-102, Taf, 12, 13.

  • Müller, K. J. 1971, Cambmen conodont faunas: Geol. Soc. America, Memoir 127, 5-20, 2 pls.

  • Nogami, Y., 1966,Kambrische Conodonten von China, Teil 1, Conodonten aus den oberkambrischen Kushan-Schichten: Kyoto Univ. Coll. Sci., Mem., Ser. B, v. 32, 351-366, pls 9, 10.

  • Nogami, Y., 1967, Kambrische Conodonten von China, Teil 2, Conodonten aus den hoch oberkambrischen Yencho-Schichten: Kyoto Univ, Coll. Sci. Mem., Ser. B, v. 33, 211-218 1 pls.

  • Özgül, N., 1971, Orta Torosların kuzey kesiminin yapısal gelişiminde blok hareketlerinin önemi: Türk Jeol. Kur. Bült. Cilt XIV, sayı 1, s. 851101.

  • Özgül, N., Metin S., Dean W. T., 1972, Doğu Toroslar`da Tufanbeyli ilçesi (Adana) dolayının Alt Paleozoyik stratigrafisi ve faunası. M.T.A. Derg.,no. 79, s. 9-16.

  • Özgül, N, Metin S., Göğer E. Bingöl İ., Baydar, O.., Erdoğan B. 1973, Tufanbeyli dolayının (Doğu Toroslar, Adana) Kambriyen-Tersiyer kayaları: Türk Jeol. Kur. Bült. Cilt XVI, sayı 1, s. 82-100.

  • Poulsen, V. 1966, Early Cambrian distacodontid conodonts from. Bornholm: Biologiske Medd. K. Kanske Vidensk. Selskab, v. 23, no. 15, 10 p., 1 pls.

  • Yalçınlar, İ., 1973, Observations sur la fauna du primaire ancien trouvée dans la region Mediterraneene de la Turquie, Türk Jeol. Kur. Bült., Cilt XVI, sayı 1, s. 101-109.

  • Özgül, N , Gedik, İ . (1973). Orta Toroslar`da Alt Paleozoyik Yaşta Çaltepe Kireçtaşı ve Seydişehir Formasyonunun Stratigrafisi ve Konodont Faunası Hakkında Yeni Bilgiler . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 39-52 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852457

  • The Photogeological Characteristics of Carboniferous Limestone in Britain
    Özcan Özmumcu
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    Abstract: Some relations between the photographic appearance the physical characteristics of the Carboniferous Limestone were found, consequently a better understanding could be obtained in a limestone terrain.

  • Carboniferous Limestone

  • Photogeogical

  • Britain


  • BENNISON, G. N. and WRIGHT, A. E. 1969. The geological history of the British Isles. Edward Arnold Ltd., London.

  • LIANG, T. A. et al. 1951. A photo analysis key for the determination of ground conditions. Tech. Rept 3, U. S. Office of Naval Research, Cornell University, New-York.

  • NORMAN, J. W. 1968. The geological significance of natural linear features occuring in areas of superficial deposits, as revealed by air photographs. Doctorate Thesis, University of London.

  • NORMAN, J. W. 1969. Photo interpretation of boulder clay as an aid to engineering geological studies. Quat, Jour. Engg. Geol., v. 2, no 2, pp. 149-157.

  • NORMAN, J. W. and WALTHAM, A. C. 1969. The use of air photographs in the study of karst features. Trans. Cave Res. Group G, B., v. 11, no. 4, pp. 245-253.

  • ÖZMUMCU, Ö.1971. The photogeological characteristics of Carboniferous limestone. Master`s Thesis, University of London..

  • Özmumcu, Ö . (1973). The Photogeological Characteristics of Carboniferous Limestone in Britain . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 53-68 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852463

  • Description of A New Cuvillierina Species from The Maestrichtian of Cide (Northern Turkey)
    Ercüment Sirel
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    Abstract: Maestrichtian - Paleocene Foraminifera of the Cide Region (Central Northern Turkey) is shortly discussed, a new Cuvillierina species from the same area is described.

  • foraminifera

  • Cuvillierina

  • Cide Region


  • Debourle A., 1955, Cuvillierina eocenica, nouveau genre et nouvelle éspece de Foraminifére de 1’Ypıésien d’Aquitaine. Soc. Geol. France V. 5. p. 55-57.

  • Ellis B. F. & Messina A. R., 1940, Catalogue of Foraminifera. Amer. Muse. Nat. Histv New York.

  • Grimsdale T. F., 1952, Cretaceous and Tertiary Foraminifera from the Middle East. Bull, of the Brit. Muse (Nat. Hist.) Geology, v. 1/8, p. 224.

  • Reiss Z. & Merli g P., 1958, Structure of some Rotaliidae. Geol. Surv. Israel Palent., Dir. Bull. 21.

  • Ruiz de Gaona R.P.M., 1948, Sobre un mocroforaminifero terciario desconocido en Espana: Inst. Geol Minero Espana, Notas Commun., no. 18, p. 77-91.

  • Sirel, E . (1973). Description of a new Cuvillierina Species from the Maestrichtian of Cide (Northern Turkey) . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 69-76 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852471

  • A Note On The Remains Of Fossils Bovidae Of Gülpınar
    İbrahim Tekkaya
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    Abstract: In 1968, the team of vertebrate Paleontology of M.T.A. discovered a part of a cranium some horn-cores of Gazella deperdita Gerxmis (Syn. G. brevicornis), several horn-cores of Palaeoreas lindermayeri Gaudry a many Mammalian fossil remains in Külâhlıayağı site of Gülpınar (Çanakkale).

    Numerous specmens of Palaeoreas lidermayeri Gaudry, Gazella deperdita Gervais was found m the exploration, excavation of the different place of Anatolia until to day. The first discovering of Gazella deperdita Gervais, Palaeoreas litodermayeri Gaudry in Dardanelles province is very important for the stratigraphie correlation of this site with Anatolia localities, the other sites in Europe, Asia. Thus, we will have much knowledge for faunal migration the region of dispersion between Gülpınar the other localites of Anatolia, Asia, Europe.

    Formerly, Choerolophodon, Hipparion, Palaeotragus, Helladotherium was found on this region. Now, Palaeoreas lindermayeri Gaudry, Gazella deperdita Gervais have added to these Mammaliam fauna. The last two specks belong to steppe fauna. The stratigraphic position of the locality had been clearly outlined by adding the new evidence to the early fauna. For this reason, these two fossils are very much important for Dardanelles.

    These fossils indicate for this locality an age of middle level of Pontian (lower Pliocene).

  • Bovidae

  • steppe fauna

  • Çanakkale


  • Akartuna, M. (1950) İmroz Adasında Bazı Jeolojik Müşahedeler, T. J. K., Cilt, 2, vol. 2, sayı 2, sa: 81-14.

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  • Heintz, E. 1971 Gazella deperdita (Gervais) 1847) (Bovidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) du Pontien du Mont Lubéron Vaucluse, France, Ann. vertébrés, Tom LVII, fars. 2, 209-229.

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  • Şenyürek, M. 1951 Gökdere (Elmadağı) faunasına dair bir not, A, Ü. D. T. C. Fak., yayınları, Cilt IX, sayı 1-2, 63-67.

  • Şenyürek, M. 1952 A Study of the Pontian fauna of Gökdere (Elmadağı), South-East of Ankara, Belleten, Cilt XVI, sayı 64, 449-492.

  • Şenyürek, M. 1953 A note on a new species of Gazella from the Pontian of Küçükyozgat, A.Ü.D.T.C. Fak. dergisi, Cilt XI, sayı 1, 1-16.

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  • Tekkaya, İ. 1969, Konya Kayadibi faunası hakkında rapor, M.T.A. dergisi, Ankara, No: 73, 155-160.

  • Tekkaya, İ. 1970, Orta Sinap`ta bulunan Gazella deperdita Gervais (n. var.)`e ait bir boynuz parçası, M.T.A. dergisi, Ankara, No: 74, 95-97.

  • Tekkaya, İ. Orta Sinap`ta yeni bir Gazella türü, M.T.A. dergisi, Ankara No. 80.

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  • Tekkaya, İ . (1973). Gülpınar`daki Fosil Bovidae Kalıntıları Hakkında Bir Not . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 77-88 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852486

  • Some Basic Inclusion (Ophispherites) Faund At Taurus Mountaines
    Nezih Tuzcu
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    Abstract: The ohispherites, are characterized by their associationwith the serpentinites. These roumded inclusions of an avarage diameterof 5-15 centimeters are to be considered as the result of the fragmentation of pre-existing diabase dikes affected by a subsequent differential chlontizatiom. They are generally formed by an external a centralzone exhibiting a distinctily different mineralogical, chemical composition.The chloritization, the Resulting concentric zonation of theseophispherites in due to the circulation of magnesium-rich water solutions.These meta-somatic processes took place in the two following stages:1) In a first stage only the plagioclase is transformed in chlorite(pennine). As calcium, silicon are removed from the plagioclas, secondary clinozoisite, some zoisite are formed.2) Subsequently, the amphibole, a magnesian member of the ferroactinolitetremolite series, is changed in chlorite (clinochlore).The intensity of chloritization varies considerably from one ophispherite to another. It can be explamed by the variation of pressure, temperature conditions, the velocity of the circulating aqueous solutions,the texture of the primary rock, its mineralogical composition as well asthe size of the fragments of pre-existing diabase dykes.

  • Ophispherite

  • diabase dikes

  • The chloritization

  • Taurus Mountaines


  • BASSAGER, J. P., MICHEL, R. et RICHARD., F. 1967. Les rodingites et les ophishérites du massif ultrabasique de la province de Muğla (Taurus occidental, Turquie). Comparaison avec des analyses chimiques récentes de rodingites des Alpes. Trav. Lab. Géol. Grenoble, 43.

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  • BERTRAND, J.,1971 Etude pétrographgique des ophiolites et des des granites du flysch des Gets (Haute-Savoie) Arch. Sc. 23, 279-542.

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  • JAFFE, F., 1955. Les ophiolites et les roches connexes de la région du col des Gets. Bull. suisse. Mineral. Pétrogr. 35, 1-147.

  • TUZCU, N., 1972, Etude minéralogique et pétrographique de la région de Başkışla dans le Taurus occidental (Karaman-vilâyet de Konya, Turquie). Mém. Dépt. Minéralogie. Univ. de Geneve. No. 1.

  • VAUGNAT, M., 1952. Sur une structure nouvelle observée dans les roches vertes du Mont-Genèvre (Hautes-Alpes). Arch. Sc. Geneve. 5/3.

  • VAUGNAT, M., 1953. Sur un phénomène de métasomatisme dans les roches vertes du Mont-Genèvre. (Hautes-Alpes). Bull. Soc. Franc. Minéral. Cristallogr. 76, 438-450.

  • VAUGNAT, M., et JAFFE, F., 1954. Sur les ophisphérites de la région des Gets. Arch. Sc. Genève. 7/1, 5-14.

  • VAUGNAT, M., et PUSZTASZERI L., 1964. Ophisphérîtes et rodingites dans diverses serpentinites des Alpes. Bull. suisse Minéral. Pétr., 44, 12- 15.

  • VAUGNAT, M., et PUSZTASZERI L., 1967, Quelques reflections sur les ophisphérites et les rodingites. Rend. Soc. Ital. Mineral. Petr. 24.

  • Tuzcu, N . (1973). Toroslarda Görülen Yeni Bazik İnkluzyonlar (Ofisferitler) . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 16 (2) , 89-106 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/59392/852491

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