Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1998 ŞUBAT Cilt 41 Sayı 1
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Granulite, Eclogite and Blueschist Relics in the Menderes Massif: An Approach to Pan-African and Tertiary Metamorphic Evolution
Osman Candan Osman Özcan Dora
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Abstract: Some new evidence about the metamorphic evolution of the Menderes Massif mostly obscured by the young events, has been recognized from both of the core and cover series. These can be given as i) Pan-African high-pressure and high-temperature metamorphisms under eciogite and granulite facies conditions in the core series and ii) Tertiary high-pressure/loo w temperature metamorphismunder epidote-blueschist/eclogite facies conditions in the cover series. The relics of granulite facies metamorphism which are mostlycharacterized by the orthopyroxene and pseudo-cordierite occur in most of the core units such as charnockite, orthopyroxene and/orpseudo-cordierite leptite-gneiss, orthopyrosene gneiss, metatonalite and metagabbro. The high-pressure relics in the Precambrian core series are defined by the eclogite occurrences which are related to the metagabbro stocks. These medium temperature eclogites under 650 °C and 13 kbar conditions which are made up of "omphacite (Jd20-25)+Garnet+Rutile±Kyanite" pass gradually to the garnet amphibolites resulted from the Barrowian-type overprint under upper amphibolite facies conditions. This multi stage sequence ofevents which follow a metamorphic path under eclogite, granulit and almandine-amphibolite facies conditions with migmatization and partial melting are regarded to be related to the Pan-African orogeneses similar to the Bitlis Massif. Tertiary HP/LT metamorphismunder epidote-blueschist/eclogite fades conditions which was mostly obliterated by the subsequently following Borrowian-type overprint are recognized in the Mesozoic cover units around Dilek peninsula, Selçuk and Gölmarmara, NW part of the Menderes Massif.The P-T estimations, less than 430 °C and minimum 10 kbar, and mineral assemblages mainly consisting of blue amphiboles and omphacite (jd37)+Garned, clearly reveal the subduction related character of this metamorphism. In the general evolution of the Neo-teth~yan-Vardar ocean, the Menderes Massif should have been buried dowh at about 35 km along a subduction zone during Tertiary (Eocene ?) time. Based on this new evidence about the two-fold Tertiary metamorphism, the Menderes Massif can be obviously correlated with the Cycladic Complex in terms of the metamorphic evolution and litostratigraphical rock succession.

  • Blueschist

  • Eclogite

  • Granulite

  • Menderes Massif Metamorphic evolution

  • Pan-African

  • Tertiary

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  • Yılmaz, O., 1975, Cacas bölgesi (Bitlik Masifi) kayaçlarının petrografik ve stratigrafik incelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni., 18/1, 33-40.

  • Element Distribution Patterns and Precious Element and Base Metal Potential Around the Cinnabar Deposits of Lâdik-Sızma (Konya): A Geochemical and Statistical Approach
    Miğraç Akçay
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    Abstract: Lâdik-Sızma region is a currently inactive Hg province which, when in operation, met a third of all mercury production of Turkey. Stibnite is usually present in all the mercury occurrences of the region which are also locally accompanied by Cu and Pb-Zn enrichments. The mineralization is in the form of patches and veinlets and occurs along usually faulted and brecciated carbonaceousrock and phyllite contacts. The present work is based on a stream sediment sampling program in the vicinity of the Hg occurrencesand tries to evaluate Au, Ag and base metal potential in their peripheries. Gold concentrations are always below detection limit but,although erratic, Ag produced concentrations as high as 39 ppm. The distribution of high Ag concentrations points out three anomalous locations; two of these are likely to be resulted from known Hg occurrences whilst the third one, 2 km to the northwest of Sızma,is from an area of highly altered limestone but with no reported mineralization. To interpret the data a five factor model is used inthis study which produced reliable results. Factor 1 accounts for Cu enrichment and associated hydrothermal alteration, especiallyoxidation, characterized by high factor loadings for Cu and Fe (0.807 and 0.846 respectively). Factors 2 and 5 point out the lithological effects of phyllite, schist and metaporphyry, and carbonate rocks respectively. Factor 3 is the indication of Pb-Zn enrichments whilst factor 4 corresponds to Sb and As-enriched zones. The contour plots of factor scores for factors 1, 3 and 4 indicate thatfinding new Hg±Sb occurrences is unlikely and that the new projects should be concentrated on Pb-Zn and Cu prospection.

  • Factor analysis

  • Gold-silver-base metal potential

  • Hg mineralization

  • Lâdik-Sızma

  • Stream sediment geochemistry

  • Akçay, M., 1994, Genesis of the stibnite-cinnabar-scheellite deposits of the Gümüşler area, Niğde, Central Turkey and implications on their gold potential: Ph. D. Thesis, Leicester University, 241 s., England.

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  • Aydın, Y., 1996, Karadağ-Sızma (Konya) yöresindeki mavişist metamorfızmasının kökeni: S. Korkmaz ve M. Akçay (ed.), Jeoloji Müh. Böl. 30. Yıl Sempozyumu Bildirileri, KTÜ-Trabzon, 1,186-194.

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  • Özkan, H.M., Akçay, M., Moon, CJ., ve Scott, B.C., 1993, Tabaka bağlı ve fay kontrollü aııtimonit mineralizasyomtnun jenezi, Emirli, Menderes Masifi, (II-mineral Parajenezi, inklüzyonlar ve duraylı izotop çalışmaları): 46. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı (1993) Bildiri Özleri, 36-37.

  • Rombouts, L., 1995, Sampling and statistical evaluation of diamond deposits: J. Geochem Explor., 53/1-3, 351-365.

  • Saager, R. ve Sinclair, A J., 1974, Factor analysis of stream sediment geochemical data from the mount Nansen area, Yukon Territory, Canada: Minerali um Deposita, 9,243- 253.

  • Thompson, M. ve Howarth, R.J., 1978, A new approach to the estimation of analytical precission: J. Geochem. Explor., 9, 23-30.

  • Turekian, K.T. ve Wedepohl, K.1L, 1961, Distribution of elements in some major units of the Earth`s crust: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 72,171-192.

  • Tüysüz, N., 1992, Ordu-Ünye-Fatsa-Aybastı yöresindeki altın aramalarına çok değişkenli istatistik yöntemlerinin uygulanması ve jeokimyasal yorumu: Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 35, 141-146.

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  • Wiesner, K., 1968, Konya civa yatakları ve bunlar üzerindeki etüdler: MTA Dergisi, 70, 178-214.

  • Xu, J., Sun, W. ve Jia, S., 1994, Mineralogical and wall rock alteration at the Jinqingding gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsula, China: Explor. Mining Geol., 3/1, 1-8.

  • Yıldız, M., 1978, Türkiye`de bazı civa madenlerinin oluşum ve mukayesesi: MTA Yayınlan, Ankara.

  • Investigation of Biogeochemical Anomalies for Fe Element Along the Maden Çayı Valley (Maden-Elazığ)
    Zeynep Özdemir Ahmet Sağiroğlu
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    Abstract: Copper deposit of Maden has been operated since 2000 B.C. and the flotation waste water, slags, waste and metallic water aredirectly charged to Maden Çayı. Thus, plants along Maden Çayı accumulate very high levels of elements. Water, soil and plant samples (as leaves, stem and flower) were collected along Maden Çayı (before and after the discharge point) and at the unpolluted are(Malatya and Kralkızı Dam). Iron contents of samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data for thestatistical significance of plant/soil relationship for iron are summarised. The Phragmites australis (cav) Trin. ex stuedel (r=0.8683)and Carex acuta L. (r=0.8945) species for Fe showed (in leaves) highly significant (P < 0.01) relationship. These plant species areapparently food indicators the these elements and could be successfully used for the further biogeochemical prospecting.

  • Biogeocemical prospecting

  • Indicator plants

  • Iron

  • Maden-Elazığ

  • Aktaş, G. veRobertson, H.F., 1984, The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: Evolution of a Neotethyan active margin. The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediteranean, Geological Spec. Publication Edinburgh, 17, 375-402.

  • Bamba, T., 1976, Güneydoğu Anadolu Ergani Maden bölgesi ofiyolit ve ilgili bakır yatağı, MTA dergisi, 86, 35-49.

  • Benton J. ve Jones R., 1984, Developments in the measurement of trace metal in foods, Analytical Food Contrum., 157-206.

  • Brooks R.R., Baker AJ.M. Ramakrishna R.S. ve Ryan D.E. 1985, Botanical and geochemical exploration studies at the Seruwila copper-magnetite prospect in Srilanke, Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 24,223-235.

  • Brooks R.R., Baker AJ.M. ve Malaisse F. 1992, Copper flowers national geographic research and exploration 8(3) 338-351.

  • Davis, P.H. (ed), 1965-1985, Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Island, vol. 1-9 Univ. press. Edinburgh.

  • Erdman, J.A. ve Kokkola M. 1984, Workshop 2: Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration; Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 21,123-128.

  • Erdoğan, B. 1982, Ergani-Maden yöresindeki GD Anadolu ofiyolit kuşağının jeolojisi ve volkanik kayaları, TJK Bülteni, 25/1,49-59

  • Gür, F., Tümen F. ve Bildik M. 1995, Ergani Fe İşletmeleri

  • Gür, F., Tümen F. ve Bildik M. 1995, Ergani Fe İşletmeleri flotasyon atıklarının Maden Çayı`mn kirlenmesindeki rolü, F.Ü. Fen ve Müh. Bilimleri Dergisi, Elazığ 6(1) 67- 87.

  • Köksoy, M 1991, Uygulamalı jeokimya. H.Ü. Yayınları A/64 Ankara, 368s

  • özdemir Z., 1996, Maden Çayı (Elazığ) boyunca biyojeokiınyasal anomalilerin incelenmesi, F.Ü. Fen Bil. Ens. Doktora Tezi 146 s (yaynılanmamış)

  • Pehlivanoğlu, H., Yıldırım,R., Erbayar M. ve Erdoğan R., 1990, Ergani Fe aramalan projesi hedef sahaları nihai raporu, MTA projesi, 90/160, Ankara, 82 s.

  • Rand M.C., 1975, Standart methods for the examination of wa ter and wastewater, 14 th edition, APHA-AWWAWPCF, Washington

  • Rose, A.W.,Hawkes, H.E. ve Webb, J.S., 1979, Geochemistry in mineral exploration, second edition, Academic press, New York, 657 s

  • Schiesinger, V.H., 1992, Biogeochemistry; Geotimes 37, no. 2,2-3

  • Schroll, E. 1975, Analytische Geochemie Enke verl Bd. I. Stuttgart 292 s.

  • Yiğitbaş E., Genç Ş.C. ve Yılmaz Y. 1993, Güneydoğu Anadolu orojenik kuşağında Maden grubunun tektonik konumu ve jeolojik önemi A. Suat Erk sempozyumu bildirileri, A.Ü. Fen Fak. Jeo. Müh. Böl., Ankara, 251-264.

  • The Environmental Changes Determined with Molluscan Assemblages During the Neoeuxinian-Holocene Stages in the Sea of Marmara
    Yeşim İslamoğlu Andrei L. Tchepalyga
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    Abstract: Molluscan assemblages have been formed determining that the surface sediments of the Marmara Sea taken by grab method haddifferent fauna compositions showing different environmental features during Late Quaternary. According to this, the first assemblage represents Neoeuxinian (upper most Pleistocene) having a salinity of 2-8 %o on a gravel dominant base and it was formed mainlyby species such as Dreissena rostriformis distincta And., Lithoglyphus naticoides (C. Pfeif.), Hydrobia (Hydrobia) ventrosa (Mont.),Micromelania caspia lincta Mil.. During this period the sea level of the Marmara sea was at least 28 m. lower than that of today whichwas probably the sill depth where the Holocene transgression initiated. Later, the salinity of the environment increased a little due tothe Mediterranean transgression during Early Holocene and brackish water-marine environment conditions were formed (10 %o18%o salinity). The second molluscan assemblage which represents the above mentioned environment was formed mainly by eury haline marine species such as Rissoa (Rissoa) splendida (Eichw.), Parvicardium exiguum Gm., Cerastoderma (Cerastoderma) edule (L.).This period lasted shortly; Typical Mediterranean fauna comprising numerous species such as Jujubinus striatus (L.), Turritella (Turritella) tricarinata (Brocc.), Chrysallida (Parthenina) excavata (Phill.), Trunculariopsis truncula (L.) etc. became dominant due to theaccelerated transgression during Late Holocene, and consequently today`s conditions of the Sea of Marmara were formed. So thethird molluscan assemblage living in salinity varying from 18%o to 35%o was formed belonging to above mentioned period and wasdivided in  3 sub-groups according to lithology and depth.

  • Holocene

  • Marmara Sea

  • Molluscan assemblages

  • Neoeuxinian

  • Paleoecology

  • Ergin, M., Bodur, M.N., Ediger, D., Ediger, V. ve Yılmaz, A., 1993, Organic carbon distribution in the surface sediments of the Sea of Marmara and its control by the inflows from adjacent water masses, Mar. Chem., 41,311- 326.

  • Ergin, M., Bodur, M.N., Yıldız, M., Ediğer, D., Ediger, V., Yemenicioğlu, S. ve Yücesoy, F., 1994, Sedimentation rates in the Sea of Marmara: a comparison of results based on organic carbon-primary productivity and 210 Pb dating, Cont. Shelf Res. 14,12,1371-1387.

  • Ergin, M., Kazancı, N., Varol, B., illeri, ö. ve Karadenizli, L., 1997, Late Quaternary raised shorelines on the outer shelves of the southern Sea of Marmara (Turkey). The Late Quaternary in the Eastern Mediterranean, Abstracts.

  • Işık, U. ve Taner, G., 1997, Distribution of Late Quaternary mollusc fauna in Gökçeada-Bozcaada-Çanakkale triangle, NE Agean Sea, The Late Quaternary in the Eastern Mediterranean, Abstracts.

  • Islamoğlıı, Y., Kapan-Yeşilyurt, S. ve Taner, G., 1996, Recent molluscan fauna and their ecology of the southern part of the Marmara Sea (Turkey), TÜBİTAK Ulusal Deniz Jeolojisi ve Jeofiziği Programı, Marmara Denizi Workshop, İTÜ.

  • Kapan-Yeşilyurt, S., Islamoğlıı, Y. ve Taner, G., 1997, Marmara Denizi ve çevresi Kııvaterner mollusk faunası (Türkiye), Çuk. Univ. Jeo. Müh. Eğit. 20. yılı sempozyumu, Bildiri özetleri, 237-238.

  • Nevesskaya, LA., 1965, Late Quaternary bivalve molluscs of the Black Sea: Their systematics and ecology: Acad. Nauk SSSR Paleont. Inst. Tryd, 105,1-390.

  • Nevesskaya, L.A., 1974, Molluscan shellis in deep water sediments of Black Sea: The Black Sea Geology, Chemistry and Biology, The Am. Assoc.Pet.GeoL, 349-352.

  • Nevesskiy, Y.N., 1961, Postglacial transgression of the Black Sea: Acad. Nauk SSSR Paleont. Inst. trudy., 28,317-320.

  • Pfannenstiel,M., 1951, Quartare spiegelschwankungen des mittelmeeres und des schwarzen meeres: vierteljahrschr. Naturf. Gesellsch. Zurich, 96, 2, 81-102.

  • Popov, G.I., 1973, New data on the stratigraphy of Quaternary marine sediments of the Kerch Strait: Dokl. Acad. Nauk SSSR, 213,4, 84-86.

  • Ryan, W.B.F., Walter, C.P., Major, CO., Shimkus, K., Moskalenko, V., Jones, G.A., Dimitrov, P., Görür, N., Sakine, M. ve Yüce, H., 1997, Evidence of an abrubt submergence of the Black Sea shelf during the Holocene: Implications of climate and human diaspora, Quat. Sci. Rew., Baskıda.

  • Stanley, DJ . ve Blanpaid, C, 1980, Late Quaternary water exchange between the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea, Nature, 285, 537-541.

  • Taner, G., 1990, Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda, Istanbul Boğazı güneyi ve Halic`in Geç Kuvatemer (Holosen) dip tortulları, Ed: Engin Meriç.

  • Taner, G., 1995, izmit Körfezi (Hersekburnu-Karaburun arası) Kııvaterner dip tortul istifinin pelesipod ve gastropod faunası, 48. Tür Jeo .Kurul.Bildiriler, 51.

  • Tchepalyga, A.L., 1980, Paleogeographia i Paleoekologia morskikh bassenov Ponto-Kaspia v Plio-Pleistotsene: Avtoreferat Doktorskoi Dissertatie, Ins ti tut Geograplıii RAN, 32.

  • Tchepalyga, A.L., 1995, Pliyo-Pleistosen Karadeniz havzaları ve bunların Akdeniz ile ilişkileri, izmit Körfezi`nin Kııvaterner istifi, ed: Engin Meriç.

  • The Ostracoda Fauna of Upper Miocene-Pliocene Sequences at the North of Yenice (Tarsus)
    Güldemin Öğrünç Atike Nazik
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    Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to introduce the ostracoda assemblages of the Kuzgun and Handere formation (Late MiocenePliocene) at the North of Yenice (Tarsus) within Adana Basin. An enviromental interpretation will be proposed with the use of these data. The Kuzgun formation observed broadly in the study area was placed with the units ofpebly sandstone, sandstone, siltstone andclay stone. The result of the paleontological study, 25 genera and 42 species of ostracoda were identified. The Kuzgun formation containing genera such as Aurila, Loxoconcha, Xestoleberis, Cytheridea, Cyamocytheridea, Cushmanidea, Carinocytherideis and Keijella showed that this fauna formation had deposited in the shallow marine environment. In the study area, the Handere formationwas represented by evaporitic units, conglomera, sandstone, stone, siltstone and claystone. No fauna which could give any information about age and environment could be found in the river deposits observed in the evaporitic units and the laterally of this in thefloor levels of the formation. These units were assumed to be paralic environmental product in the characteristic of transition-terrestrial. On the other hand, a Globoratalia suteare Catalono ve Sprovieri belonging to the planktic foraminifera was identified amongthe thin grained units located in the shore environment latarelly of the same units. After evaluation, it was understood that this fossiland the lithologic and the stratigraphic properties of the this units were Messinian old. Over this level, the units of conglomera, sandstone, siltstone and claystone of Handere formation-were presented. Sphaerodinellopsis seminulina (Schwager) ve S. dehiscens(Parker ve Jones) belonging to the planktic foraminifera determined among the thin grained units showed that the environment hadpassed to mar inal conditions at the Early Pliocene time.

  • Late Miocene-Pliocene

  • Ostracoda

  • Yenice (Adana Basin)-Turkey

  • Bassiouni, M.A., 1979. Brackische und marine Ostracoden (Cytherideinae, Hemicytheriııae, Trachylebidiııae) aus dem oligozan und Neogen der Türkie. Gei. Geol. Jb, Reme. B, Heft. 31: 1-200, Hannover.

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  • Iaccarino, S., 1985. Mediterranean Miocene and Pliocene Planktic Foraminifera, Plankton Stratigraphy, s. 283- 315, Cambridge University.

  • İlker, S., 1975, Adana Baseni Kuzey Batısının Jeolojisi ve Petrol Olanakları: TPAO Arama Arşiv. No: 973, 63 s. Ankara (yayımlanmamış).

  • Keij, A.J., 1957. Eocene and Oligocene Ostracode of belgilim. Ins. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique, Mem., 136: 1-210.

  • Morkhoven, F.P.M. Van, 1963, Post Paleozoic Ostracoda: Elsevieredit. 2: 1-478.

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  • A Discussion on the Changes o/Orbitoides Parameters within Time and Place with the Examples of Early to Middle Maastrichtian in Turkey
    Muhittin Görmüş
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    Abstract: The changes of Orbitoides parameters, particularly internal ones, within time and place are controversial. This study examinesthe matter with Orbitoides examples from various localities of Turkey (Hekimhan, Darende-Malatya; Adıyaman; Pazarcık-KMaraş;Osmaneli-Bilecik). Biometrical analyses of more than 1250 specimens of the Orbitoides species particularly from the Early to Middle Maastrichtian of Turkey indicate that environmental factors affected the test shape, embryo size, the number of both auxiliary andperi-ebriyonic chamberlets. The effects of depth, substrate and changes related to time were discussed.

  • Embryo parameters

  • Maastrichtian

  • Orbitoides

  • Turkey

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  • Görmüş, M., 1990. Stratigraphy and foraminiferal micropaleontology of Upper Cretaceous in Hekimhan, NW Malatya, Turkey: Univ. Hull. PhD thesis, 429p.

  • Görmüş, M. 1992a. Quantitative Data on the Relationship between the Orbitoides Genus and its Environment. Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, XXIV (3), 13-26, Madrid.

  • Görmüş, M. 1992b. Geological Setting, Facies and Evolution of the Tohma Reef Formation, an Upper Cretaceous Seuence in the Hekimhan Area, Turkey. 9 th. Petroleum Congress, Geology, 173-184, Ankara.

  • Görmüş, M., 1992c. Hekimhan (KB Malatya) Yöresindeki İstiflerin Biyostratigrafik İncelemesi. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, 7,179-191, Ankara.

  • Görmüş, M., 1993. Paîeoenvironmental Interpretations of Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary Sequences and their Boundary Relations in the Hekimhan Area (NW Malatya, Turkey). Akdeniz Üniv. Müh. Fak. Dergisi, 7, 1-14.

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  • Görmüş, M., 1994b. Campanian-Maastrictian Foraminiferid Fauna in the Hekimhan Area. 10. th. Petroleum Congress , Geology, 165-198, Ankara

  • Görmüş, M., 1997. Osmaneli (Bilecik) yöresindeki Orbitoides`lerin biyometrik incelemesinin ön bulguları. Çukurova Üniv. Jeoloji Müh. Eğitiminin 20. yılı Semp. s. 7-8.

  • Görmüş, M., Meriç, E. ve Avşar, N., 1994. Pazarcık (K. Maraş) ve Darende (B Malatya)-Hekimhan (KB Malatya) Yörelerindeki Orbitoides Parametrelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, 9,109-125, Ankara.

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  • The Occurrence of Donacosmilia Corallina de Fromentel (Upper Jurassic) from the Kastamonu Region in Turkey
    Sevim Tuzcu Sedef Babayiğit
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    Abstract: The species of Donacosmilia corallina de Fromentel (hermatipic coral) have been defined as Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian-Kimmeridgian, Portlandian ? ) in age by most European research workers. The presence of this form has also been noted from the reefal limestones of Yukarıköy formation in the Araç-Daday (Kastamonu) region of Turkey. In this study systematic description of this formis presented and the associated reefal limestones are assigned to Upper Jurassic (Upper Oxfordian-Lower Kimmeridgian) in age.

  • Donacosmilia

  • Kastamonu

  • Upper Jurassic

  • Akman, Ü., A., 1992, Amasra-Ant Arasının Jeolojisi: Doktora Tezi. A.Ü. Fen Bil. Fak., 209, Ankara, (yayınlanmamış)

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