Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1984 AĞUSTOS Cilt 27 Sayı 2
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CONTENTS
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Petrology of the Igneous Rocks of the Bodrum Peninsula and Their Genetic Implication
Tuncay Ercan Erdoğdu Günay Ahmet Türkecan
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Abstract: The results of the petropraphic and petrochemical investigation of the Middle-Upper Miocene agedigneous rocks which have covered large areas in Bodrum peninsula in Southeast Anatolia were presented, and theirregional distribution were investigated and their genetic implications according to plate tectonics were discussed. Inthe investigated area, the magmatism has started as mon zonitic plutons in the Middle Miocene at different locationsAfter the monzonitic plutons, which have hybrid magma tic origin and probably have calc-alkaline character, a violent volcanism affected the investigated area at the of the Middle Miocene, and widespread tuff-agglomerate depositsand calc-alkaline volcanic rocks such as andesite-dacite rhyodacite-rhyolite were formed- The calc-alkaline magmawhich have been originated by the anatexis of the continental crust and which have given those high potassiccalc-alkaline first stage volcanics have started to blend with alkaline primary magma of the mantle. The first stagevolcanism has ended with shoshonotic lavas of latitic and trachyandesitic composition. The second volcanic stagehas started during Upper Miocene. It had shoshonotic features at the beginning and had continued to form shoshonotic basaltic lavas- The primary magma which entirely had originated from mantle had been active in the latterstage. Totally alkaline trachybasalt-trachyte-comenditic trachyte and the alkaline rhyolite (comendite) which was thelast product of the alkaline series had formed as dykes. We conclude that the volcanicsm had originated as theproduct of the continental rifting because of the tension regime which had been dominant in Western Anatolia.

  • andesite

  • shoshonotic

  • basalt

  • Bodrum

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  • Ordovician Brachiopods from Istanbul, Turkey
    Cazibe Sayar
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    Abstract: Twenty brachiopod species and thirty five genera belonging mainly to superfamilles of Lingulacea,Orthacea, Enteletacea, Plectambonitacea, Strophomenacea, Atrypacea are identified from two different localities onthe eastern side of the Bosphorus. These fossils show different faunal associations.One locality is near Çengelköy and yields conulariids and brachiopods in chamozitic beds («Çengelköy Chamosite»), the type locality within so-called «Laminated Shales». These fossil associations belong to the Exoconulariaistanbulensis-Aegiromena Zone and are of Middle Ordovician (Late Llandeilo-Early Caradoc) age.The second locality is 1,5 km north of Pendik, east of Istanbul. The studied horizons correspond to younger bedsin the «Laminated Shales» and are termed «Bryozoan Shales» These were formerly thought to be Upper Silurianor Early Devonian (Gedinnian) age. In this study, the new collections show that the «Bryozoan Shales» whichcontain mostly Orthida, are of Upper Ordovician (Late Caradoc-Ashgill) age. They include Orthambonites calligramma, Orthambonites humilidorsatus, Nicolella actoniae, Hesperorthis cf- eraigensis, Glytorthis aff. maritima, Saukrodictya hibernica, Drabovia sp., Leptestiina prantli, Anizop leurella tricostellata, Strophomena aff. planumbona, Christiania sp-, Catazyga sp. and together with the ostracod genera Uhakiella sp., Pseudoulrichia sp-, and the bryozoansDicranopora sp. and Atactotoechus sp.These Upper Ordovician (Upper Caradoc-Ashgill) brachiopod assemblages show close affinity to those of Bohemia, Great Britain, France, Spain, Sweden, North Africa, Ireland and North America- Therefore the content of shellyfauna indicates the cosmopolitan nature of the Mediterranean and the North European Provinces.

  • Laminated Shales

  • brachiopod

  • chamozitic

  • İstanbul

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  • Sheehan, P, 1983, The relation of the late Ördovician glaciation to the Ordovician-Silurian changeover in the North American brachiopod faunas. Lethaia, 6, 147-154

  • Sheehan, P., 1979, Swedish Late Ördovician Marine Benthie Assemblages and their Bearing on Brachiopod Zoogeography: Historical Biogeography, Tectonics and the changing Environment, Oregon State Univ. Oregon.

  • Tagurdeau, P. ve Abdüsselamoğlu, Ş- 1962, Presence de Chitinozoaires dans le Siluro-Devonien turc des environs d`Istanbul: CR. Som- Soc- GeoL France, B, 238-239

  • Williams, A-, 1962, The Barr and Lower Ardmillian Series (Garadoc) of the Girvan district South-west Ayrshire-, GeoL Soc London, Mem. 3, 1-267, pisLondon.

  • Williams, A-, 1976, Plate tectonics and biofacies evolutions as factors in Ördovician correlation: Ordov. Syst. Symp. Birmingham 1974 In BASSET, M.G. Ed-) 29-66, Univ. of Wales, Cardiff.

  • Wright, A.D., 1964, The fauna of the Portrane limestone II: British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Bull- 9,6, 157-256, pis- I,IL

  • Villas, E-, 1982, Middle and Upper Ördovician brachiopods from the Iberian Chain (NE Spain): IV. InterOrdov, Symp. Abstracts, Paleon; Contr, Univ. Oslo N. 280, p. 55, Oslo, Norway.

  • Age, Subdivision and Contact Relations of the Boztepe Formation in the Region Between Dumanlı Dağı (Tokat and Çeltek Dağı (Sivas)
    Ali Yilmaz
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    Abstract: The investigated area is located in an approximately east-west trended ophiolitic melange belt betweenDumanlı Dağı (Tokat) and Çeltek Dağı (Sivas). The Boztepe Formation of Upper Campanian to Paleocene age lieswith a local unconformity over the ophiolitic melange, forming the basement- This formation has been subdividedinto four members grading in one another- From bottom toward top, these are-. Yakaboyu Member which consistsof clastic rocks interbedded with pelagic limestone- Maden Member composed mostly of pelagic limestone; Yakupoğlan Member which is composed of sandstone, clay stone and rarely conglomerate and contains neritic fossils; ÇaltılıMember which is made up mostly of neritic carbonates. Olistostromes whose components have been derived fromthe underlying ophiolitic melange are abundant in the lower members in general. Lutetian elastics overlie theUpper Cretaceous rock assemblage with a regional angular unconformity.

  • ophiolit

  • clay stone

  • sandstone

  • Tokat

  • Sivas

  • Baykal, F-, 1966, 1:500000 ölçekli Türkiye jeoloji Haritası (Sivas) : Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst- yayınlarından Ankara, 116 s

  • Göksu, E-, 1974, 1:500-000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası (Samsun) : Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. yayınlarından, Ankara, 78- s

  • İşler, F-, 1982, Kurtlapa-Çaltılı (Sivas) civarının jeolojik, petrografik ve petrokimyasal incelemesi (Doktora tezi) : Karadeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, Trabzon, 17 ss.

  • Koçyiğit, A-, 1979, Çorduk Olistostromları: Türkiye JeoL Kur. Bült, 22/1, 59-68

  • Okay, A.C, 1953, Sivas ile Tokat arasındaki bölgenin (Reşadiye 44/3 paftasının) jeolojisi hakkında not: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Derleme Rapor No.- 2242, Ankara

  • Okay, AC 1955, Sivas ile Tokat arasındaki bölgenin jeolojik etüdü: 1st- Üniv. Fen Fakültesi Mecm. Seri B, cilt XX, sayı 1-2, 95-108.

  • Özcan, A-; Erkan, A.; Keskin, A-; Keskin, E-, Oral, A.; özer, S-; Sümengen, M-; Tekeli, O-, 1980, Kuzey Anadolu Fayı-Kırşehir Masifi arasının temel jeolojisi: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst- Derleme Rapor no. 6722, yayınlanmamış, Ankara.

  • Tatar, Y-, 1978, Ofiyolitli Çamlıbel (Yıldızeli) bölgesinin stratigrafisi ve petrografisi: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Dergisi, 88, 56-72-

  • Terlemez, I. ve Yılmaz, A-, 1980, Ünye-Ordu-Koyulhisar-Hafik-Karaçayır arasında kalan bölgenin jeolojisi: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Derleme Rapor no- 6700, yayımlanmamış, Ankara

  • Yalçınlar, t, 1955, Sivas 61tl, 61-4 paftalarına ait jeolojik rapor: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst. Derleme Rapor no- 2577, Ankara.

  • Yılmaz, A-, 1979, Dumanlıdağı (Tokat) ile Çeltek dağı (Sivas) arasındaki bölgede ofiyolitli karışığın (Melange) iç yapısı ve diğer birimlerle ilişkisi: 33. Türkiye JeoKur. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, Bildiri özetleri, s- 74.

  • Yılmaz, A., 1980, Tokat ile Sivas arasındaki bölgede ofiyolitlerin kökeni, iç yapısı ve diğer birimlerle ilişkisi: A.Ü. Fen Fakültesi Jeoloji Kürsüsü, Doktora tezi, Ankara, 136 s

  • Yılmaz, A., 1981 a, Tokat ile Sivas arasındaki bölgedeki ofiyolitli karışığın iç yapısı ve yerleşme yaşı: Türkiye JeoL Kur. Bült, 24/1, 31-38

  • Yılmaz, A-, 1981 b, Tokat ile Sivas arasındaki bölgede bazı volkanitlerin petro-kimyasal özellikleri: Türkiye JeoL Kur. Bült-, 24/2, 51-58 (131-138)-

  • Yılmaz, A-, 1982, Dumanlı dağı (Tokat) ile Çeltek dağı (Sivas) arasının temel jeoloji özellikleri ve ofiyolitli karışığın konumu: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü, derleme rapor no- 7230- 164 s

  • Fresh-Water Algal Bioherms and Stromatolites of Eocene Around Kınık (NW-Ankara)
    Baki Erdoğan Varol Nizamettin Kazanci Yavuz Okan
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    Abstract: Lacustrine deposits of Upper Eocene that crop out near Kmik village, NW Ankara, consist of algal bioherms and various geometric forms of stromatolites- Small algal bioherms contain two types of carbonates-, tufa andcarbonate cones. Tufa is an organic carbonate mass made up of green algae which were rapidly encrusted by micritewhile alive. Rapid micritization is probably in response to photosynthetic release of GO2- The other bioherm groups(digitate-columnar carbonate cones) are also represented by radial growth of blue-green algae.The bioherms are covered and partly surrounded by bedded pellet-intraclasts and bioclastic grainstones-packestonesdeposited during the temporal fall and rise in lake level. A thin laminated crust formed under subaerial conditions,cover the grainstone-packestone layers and the bioherms.In the studied area, stromatolites generally overlie the algal bioherms. These are different kinds of organo-sedimentarystructures formed by trapping and binding actions of the blue-green algae in lacustrine environment. Despite the factthat the stromatolites were built only by blue-green algae genus «Schizotrix», increasing water energy and availablesediment led to different geometric forms. These forms can be grouped as LLH-lateral linked hemispheroids, SH-stacked hemispheroids and SS-oncoidal stromatolites.Organic and inorganic CaCO3 precipitation caused rapid calcification and cementation in bioherms. Mat actions ofthe blue-green algae and other biochemical events are the main effects on the cementation and configuration ofthe porosity of stromatolites.

  • algae

  • stromatolite

  • spheroid

  • Ankara

  • Aitken, J-D-, 1967, Classification and environmental significance of cryptalgal limestones and dolomites, with illustration from the Cambrian and Ordovician of Southwestern Alberta: Jour- Sed. Petrology, 37, 1163- 1178

  • Bathurst, RGC-, 1971, Carbonate sediments and their diagenesis: Developments in Sedimentology, 12, Elsevier Publ-, New York, 620 s.

  • Dean, W-E- ve Eggleston, JR., 1975, Comparative anatomy of marine freshwater algal reefs, Bermuda and Central New York: Geol. Soc America Bull-, 86, 665-676

  • Eggleston, JR. ve Dean, W-F-, 1976, Freshwater stromatolithic bioherms in Green Lake; Walter, MR-, ed-, Stromatolites de: Elsevier Publ., Amsterdam New York, 447-477

  • Erk, A-S-, 1957, Ankara civan petrol ihtimalleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst-, Rapor No- 2608, (yayımlanmamış).

  • Erol, O-, 1951, Aydos Dağları ve Mürted Ovasının kuzey bölümlerinin jeolojisi: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enst-, Rapor No. 2456, (yayımlanmamış).

  • Flügel, E-, 1978, Mikrofazielle Unterschungsmethoden von Kalken: Springer Verlag PubL, Berlin-HeidelbergNew York, 454 s

  • Golubic, S-, 1976, Organisms that build stromatolites; Walter, MR-, ed-. Stromatolites de: Elsevier Publ. Amsterdam-New York, 113-125.

  • Hoffman, P-F-, 1976, Stromatolite morphogenesis in Shark Bay, Western Australia; Walter, M.R., ed-. Stromatolites de: Elsevier Publ-, Amsterdam-New York, 261- 270.

  • Howe, W.B-, 1966, Digitate algal stromatolites from the Cambrian and Ordovician of Missouri: Jour, Paleontology, 40, 64-78-

  • Logan, B-W-, Rezak, R- ve Cinsburg, R-N. 1964, Classification and environmental significance of algal stromatolites. J. Geology, 72, 68-83.

  • Monty, CL-V., 1972, Recent algal stromatolitic deposits, Andros Islands, Bahamas, Preliminary report: Geol. Rundsch., 61, 742-743

  • Monty, C-L-V-, 1976, The origin and development of cryptalgal fabric; Walter, M-R-, ed., Stromatolites de: Elsevier Publ-, Amsterdam-New York, 193-251.

  • Monty, CL-V. ve Hardie, LA- 1976, The geological significance of the freshwater blue-green algal calcareous marsh; Walter, M-R-, ed-, Stromatolites de.- Elsevier Publ.» Amsterdam-New York, 447-477

  • Reading, R-, 1977, Skeletal stromatolites; Flügel, E-, ed-, Fossil Algae de: Springer Verlag, Berlin-HeidelbergNew York, 57-60-

  • Sarfati, JB-, 1976, An attempt to classify Late Precambrian stromatiolites microstructures; Walter, M.R., de, Elsevier Publ-, Amsterdam-New York, 251-258.

  • Schneider, J-, 1977, Carbonate construction and decomposition by epilithic and endolithic micro-organism in salt- and freshwater; Fliigel, E-, ed-. Fossil Algae de: Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 248-260

  • Scholl, D.W., 1960, Pleistocene algal pinnacles at Searles Lake, California: Jour. Sed. Petrology, 30, 414-431.

  • ScholL D.W. ve Taft, W-H-, 1964, Algae, contributors to the formation of calcareous tufa, Mona Lake, California. Jour. Sed- Petrology, 34, 309-319.

  • Walter, M.R., 1976, Geyserites of Yellowstone National Park; An example of abiogenic stromatolites; Walter. M.R., ed-, Stromatolites de: Elsevier Publ-, AmsterdamNew York, 87-112.

  • Geology and Genesis of the Turhal Antimony Deposits
    Ahmet Gökçe Mümin Köksoy
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    Abstract: Turhal antimony deposits are the richest antimony deposits of Turkey. The mineralisation area iscovered by metamorphic rocks of Pre-Upper Jurassic age that are composed of alternations of phyllite and quartzitewith carbonates, and contain interlayers of metabasites and marble blocks. The metamorphic rocks are successivelyoverlain by Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous limestones and sedimentary rocks of Eocene age.The antimony deposits occur as four different depositional types- In addition; first, second and third types of mineralisations are subdivided in a and b subtypes- Stibnite is found as the only ore mineral and quartz and calciteas the gangue minerals in the deposits. The stibnite crystals are mostly oxidised at surface.It is proposed that the la and possibly 2a subtype deposits have been formed in the depositional environment bysynsedimentary processes, prior to metamorphism; whereas the other types have been formed by transportation ofantimony from the la and lb subtypes of deposits and the metamorphic rocks.

  • antimony

  • marble

  • gangue mineral

  • Turhal

  • Danışman, Ö-N., 1943, Çamlıca antimon yataklarında yapılan madencilik aramaları ile bunlardan alman neticeler hakkında rapor: M-T.A- Der. Rap- No. 1581 (yayınlanmamış)` 8 s

  • Diu-Yin ve Saukov, A-A-, 1961, Physicochemical factors in the genesis of antimony deposits: Geochemistry, b (6), 510-516.

  • Gökçe, A-, 1983, Turhal antimon yataklarının maden jeolojisi-. Hacettepe Üniv., Doktora tezi (yayınlanmamış), 150 s

  • Gökçe, A. ve Köksoy, M., 1984, Antimonit kristallerinde bükülme bantları ve Turhal antimon yataklarının oluşum evreleri: Yerbilimleri (Hacettepe Üniv. yay.), S. 11, (Baskıda).

  • Höll, R-, 1963, Turhal antimon yatağı hakkmda muvakkat rapor: M.T-A. Der. Rap- No. 3370 (yayınlanmamış).

  • Höll, R., 1966, Genese and Altersstellung von Vorkommen der Sb-W-Hg Formation in der Turkei und auf chios, Griechenland: Bayer Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturwiss. KL, Abh-, N.F., 127, 118 s.

  • ileri, S. ve Köksoy, M., 1977, Türkiye antimon yataklarının oluşum ilkeleri. Yerbilimleri (Hacettepe Üniv. yay.), V. 3, S. 1-2, 95-114.

  • Kovenko, V-, 1938, Turhal özdemir Antimon madenine yapılan ziyaret hakkında rapor: M.T-A. Der. Rap. No. 728 (yaymlanmamış), 21 s.

  • Kovenko, V., 1940a, Turhal`ın Çamlıca mıntıkasmdaki yeni stibin yatağına vaki kısa ziyaret hakkında rapor: MT.A. Der. Rap- No. 1098 (yayuılanmamış), 12 s

  • Kovenko, V-, 1940b, Turhal stibin madeninin ziyareti (Çamlıca Mıntıkası)-. M-T-A. Der. Rap. No. 1190 (yaymlanmamış), 10 s.

  • Kovenko, V., 1941, Turhal`ın Çamlıca bölgesindeki antimuan madenlerine yapılan ziyaret hakkında rapor: M.T-A. Der. Rap- No. 1343 (yayınlanmamış), 9 s

  • Köksoy, M. ve Topçu/ S-, 1976- Jeokimyasal prospeksiyonun tanıtımı ve laboratuvar metodlan: M-T-A- Enst. yay-. Eğitim serisi, No. 16, Ankara, 96 s

  • Kraeffz A-, 1963, Turhal Özdemir Antimuan Maden İşletmesi imtiyazında bulunan antimuan yataklarının jeolojisi: M-T-A. Der- Rap- No. 3208 (yaymlanmamış), 9 s

  • Kuru, D-, 1964, Turhal antimuan etüdü, M-T-A. Der. RapNo. 3787 (yayınlanmamış), 19 s

  • Maucher, A-, 1937, Bericht über Antimonit Vorkommen be: Turhal: M-T-A- Der- Rap- No- 756 (yayımlanmamış), 16 s

  • Maucher, A-, 1976, The strata-bound cinnaber-stibnitescheelite deposits: in Wolf, K-H. (edit-), 1976, Hand book of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits, V7, s- 477-503.

  • Millet, F-, 1939, Turhal antimuan madenleri: M-T-A. Der. Rap. No- 863 (yayımlanmamış), 109 s.

  • Ovalıoğlu, R-, 1964, Turhal antimuan yatakları hakkında ilk muvakkat rapor: M-T-A. Der- Rap. No. 3667 (yayımlanmamış), 27 s

  • ölsner, O-, 1938, Turhal civarında kain özdemir antimuan madenine 296-1936 tarihinde yapılan ziyaret hakkında not MT-A. Der. Rap. No. 683 (yayımlanmamış), 14 s.

  • Pilz, R-, 1937, Turhaldaki stibin mıntıkasına ait 1/1 1/2 ve 23/27 nolu araştırma ruhsatiyeleri sahalarına dair rapor: M-T-A. Der. Rap. No. 525 (yayunlanmamış), 16 s.

  • Rose, A.W.> Hawkes, H-E. ve Webb, J-S-, 1979, Geochemistry in mineral exploration;, Acad. Press- Inc. (London) Ltd-, New York, 635 s.

  • Stanton, R-L-, 1972, Ore petrology: Me Graw-Hill, New York, 680 s.

  • Unterhösel, F-, 1936, Turhal`ın 6-7 km şimalindeki antimon madeni tetkikatı hakkmda rapordur: M.T.A. Der. Rap. No- 516 (yayımlanmamış), 24 s

  • Winkler, H-G-F-, 1974, Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks: Springer Verlag, New York, 320 s

  • Wolfgang, S-, 1976, Mineral (inorganic) resources of oceans and ocean floors: A general review-, în Wolf, K-H. (edit-), 1976, Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits, Vol. 3, s- 245-294.

  • Yener, H-, 1936, Turhal antimon madeni hakkmda rapordur: M-T-A. Der- Rap. No- 522 (yayımlanmmaış), 15 s

  • Yener, H-, 1937, Turhal civarında bay Ragıp Özdemir uhdesindeki antimon madenine dair notlar: M-T-A. Der. Rap- No- 523 (yayınlanmamış), 19 s

  • Zimmer, E-, 1938, Turhal civarındaki Özdemir antimon yatağı hakkında rapor. M-T-A- Der- Rap. No. 810 (yayımlanmamış), 57 s

  • Fluid Inclusion Studies on the Contact Metasomatic Deposits of Akdağmadeni-Yozgat
    Ahmet Sağiroğlu
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    Abstract: This study covers the homogenization and freezing studies on fluid inclusions of the lead-zinc deposits of Akdağmadeni.The freezing studies reveal that salinity of the hydrothermal solutions was high during the early stages of skarnisation (20 % NaCl equivalent during the magnetite-garnet-pyroxene and epidote-amphibole stages) and graduallydecreased during the following stages (10 % NaCl equivalent during the epidote-chlorite-sulphide stage and 3-4 %NaCl equivalent during the kaolinite-muscovite stage). In addition, the freezing studies show a pressure of formationranging from 300 to 500 bars.The homogenization studies indicate formation temperatures for the magnetite-garnet-pyroxene, epidote-amphibole,epidote-chlorite-sulphide and kaolinite-muscovite stages as >500°C, 460-490°C, 390-430°C and <320°C respectively.All the findings of this study are in good agreement with the results from other geobarometry and geothermometrymethods applied to these deposits. 

  • lead-zinc depo sits

  • amphibole

  • pyroxene

  • Yozgat

  • Craig, JR. ve Vaughan, D.J., 1981, Ore microscopy and ore petrography: John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. 405 s.

  • Lemmlein, G-G. ve Klevtsov, P-V-, 1960, Relations among the principal thermodynamic parameters in a part of system H2O-NaCl: Internat Geology Rev., 2, 125-128.

  • Roedder, E-, 1979, Fluid inclusions as samples of ore fluids; Barnes, EL, ed-, Geochemistry of Hydrothennal Ore Deposits de: John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 798 s

  • Sağıroğlu, A-, 1982, Contact Metasomatism and Ore Depositon of the Lead-Zinc Deposits of Akdağmadeni Yozgat, Turkey: Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi, Londra Üniversitesi, 324 s

  • Sağıroğlu, A., 1984 a, Akdağmadeni, Yozgat cevherleşmelerinde görülen değişik skarn oluşuklarının özellikleri ve irdelenmesi, Türkiye JeoL Kur. Bulk* 27, 1, 69-80.

  • Sağıroğlu. A-, 1984 b, Akdağmadeni, Yozgat kurşun-çinko yataklarında cevherleşme: Jeoloji Müh. Odası BülW (baskıda)

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