Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

1993 ŞUBAT Cilt 36 Sayı 1
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Geology and Ree Geochemistry of Carbothermal Bastnaesite -Fluorite - Barite Deposit of Kızılcaören (Sivrihisar - Eskişehir)
İsmet Özgenç
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Abstract: The Kızılcaören district is situated about 150 km. west of capital Ankara, is an unique LREE andthorium deposit of Turkey. The deposit is located on the eastern margin of the Karakaya formation between the Pontidebelt in the north and the Anatolide-Tauride platform in the south.The basement consists of serpentinites in late Paleozoic to early Triassic age, overlain by highly deformed andlocally variable anchimetamorphic sediments which are related to Triassic. Dominant Ethologies of Triassic formationinclude phyllite, sandstone, shale, slate and mudstones. This formation also contains limestone olistolithes of Permianage, diabasic dykes and lava flows with pillows. Standstone and massive fossiliferous limestone of Jurassic age overliethe Triassic formation. Late Oligocene intrusive activities produce carbonatites. Early Miocene extrusive activitiesproduce trachytic pyroclastic pyroclastics, trachytes and phonolites. Two different phase of carbonatite have been distinguished. The oldest ones occur as dykes up to 1.5 m. in widthand cut through the Triassic host rocks and ophiolities. Younger generation of carbonatites occur in the form of dykesranging in size 1-10 cm. and cut through the breccia pipes and veins.The deposit consists of bastnaesite-fluorite-barite mineralizations in economic grade. The mineralization ismainly hosted by anchimetamorphic sediments and rarely trachytic tuffs and breccia pipes. There are five breccia pipes inthe area which are formed by magmatic process. The mineralization consists of the infilling of radial circular and funnelshaped fractures and breccia pipes.Fracturing, brecciation and mineralization are associated with the late Oligocene carbonatite intrusions.Prebreccia mineralization is dominated by fluorite and barite. Post-breccia mineralization is dominated by REEmineral phases. Thorbastnaesite is the most abundant and widespread mineral phase.Minör phases are fluocerite andbrockite. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that early stage of prebreccia mineralization was between 550-300° and latestage 300-190 C°. The early stage of postbreccia mineralization was between 300-500 C°, whereas the final stage wasbelow 250 C°.The bastnaesite-fluorite-barite deposit of Kızılcaören is formed by the upwelling of the high temperaturecarbonatitic magmatic fluids (carbo-thermal fluids) guided by circular, radial and funnel shaped fractures, at lateOligocene-early Miocene time.

  • trachyte

  • phonolite

  • barite

  • fluorite

  • REE

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  • Özgenç, 1., 1992, Fluid inclusions ad REE geochemistry of the bastnaesite-fluorite-barite deposit of Kızılcaören, Beylikahır (Eskişehir), Türkiye: In tern. Workshop- Work in progress on the geology of Türkiye. Abstracts, 43, England.

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  • Micropaleontological (Ostracoda and Foraminifera) Investigation of Tertiary Sequence of Darende Basin
    Atike Nazik
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    Abstract: The purpose of Ms study is to reveal `the statigraphy of the Tertiary sequence together with ostracodsand foraminifera» cropped out aroend tlıe Darende (Malatya). 20 genera and 28 species of ostracods were described fromthe sedimentary sequence in the Darende region. These benthonic and planktooic foraminifers, which compared with theother studies publicated in Turkey and Europe dealing with this subject» were found that they corresponded to Lutetian.Also ostracods and foraminifers indicated that Tertiary sequence was deposited under the conditions of shallow and dephtmarine environment

  • foraminifera

  • ostracod

  • Micropaleontologi

  • Darende Basin

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  • Geochemical Characteristics and Geotectonic Implications of the Upper Cretaceous SarafTepe (Trabzon) Basanite, NE Turkey
    Sadettin Korkmaz M. Burhan Sadiklar Aydin Ali Van Necati Tüysüz Tuncay Ercan
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    Abstract: A subalkaline volcanism of Upper Cretaceous age is extensively dominated in the eastern Pontides. However, the volcanism is changed to an alkaline and shoshonitic character at its terminal stages.

  • basanite

  • shoshonitic

  • island arc

  • Trabzon

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  • Gedik, A., Ercan, T., Korkmaz, S., Karataş, S., 1992, Rize-Fındıklı-Çamlıhemşin (Doğu Karadeniz) arasında yer alan mağmatik kayaçlann petrolojisi ve Doğu Pontidler`de ki bölgesel yayılımlan, Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 35,15-38.

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  • Cideina Soezerii (Sirel): Outcrops, Description, Lektotype-Paratypes and Discussion
    İbrahim Engin Meriç Nurdan İnan Turan
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    Abstract: In this study; some new observations are discussed on Cideina soezerii (Sirel) identified in the UpperMaastrichtian outcrops around the Niksar, Reşadiye, Koyulhisar, Elazığ and Malatya areas in Turkey. The tests surfacesof this foraminifer are ornamented by honeycomb shaped hexagonal hols, but notwith net like figures. This teststructure, trochospiral coiling and ombilical fillings suggest that this genus be identified in the Rotaliidae family, butnot in the Lepidorbitoididae family as assumed by Sirel (1991). Lectotype and paratypes are shown on plates.

  • Cideina soezerii

  • Lectotype

  • paratype

  • Rotaliidae family

  • Bozkaya, Ö., 1991, Hekimhan güneyi (KB Malatya) Üst Kretase-Tersiyer yaşlı sedimanter istifin mineralojikpetrografik ve jeokimyasal incelenmesi: C.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Ens., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 227 s., Sivas.

  • İnan, N., Kurt, İ. ve Demirbaş, M., 1992, KretasePaleosen geçişinde yeni paleontolojik bulgular: İğdir kireçtaşı (Koyulhisar-Sivas): 45. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri, s. 28, Ankara

  • İnan, N. ve Temiz, H., 1992, Niksar (Tokat) yöresinde Kretase-Tersiyer geçişinin litostratigrafîk ve biyostratigrafik özellikleri: Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 35/1, 39-47, Ankara

  • Özgen, N. 1992, Elazığ çevresinde yüzeyleyen Üst Maestrihtiyen-Paleosen yaşlı birimlerin paleontolojik incelemesi: C.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Ens., Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 100 s., 5İv., Sivas.

  • Seymen, İ., 1975, Kelkit vadisi kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun Tektonik özelliği: Doktora Tezi, İTÜ Maden Fakültesi Yayını, İstanbul

  • Sirel, E., 1973, Description of a new Cuvillierina species from the Maastrichtian of Cide (Northern Turkey): Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni 16/2,69-76, Ankara

  • Sirel, E., 1991, Cide bölgesi (Kuzey Türkiye) Mestrihtiyeninde bulunan yeni bir foraminifer cinsi Cideina n. gen.: Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 112, 149- 154, Ankara

  • An Example for the for Eland-Inter Montane Basin Development at the Eastern Tauride Carbonate Platform: Akdere Basin, Gurun-SW Sivas (Turkey)
    Eşref Atabey
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    Abstract: The area is Located at the northeastren section of the Eastern Taurus Mountains which is a part of theAnatolide-Toride platform. The Akdere basin presented in this paper is a typical example of a foreland-intermontanebasin. In general, foreland basins, resulting from the downward warping of the crust overlain by huge allochthonousunits (nappes) are of compressional in origin.The Akdere basin is surrounded by allochthonous units at its northern and southern margins. Thus, it differs fromthe similar compressional basins.Major unit exposed in the Akdere basin is the Middle Jurassic-Tertiary Geyikdağı rock assemblage. It consists offour lithostraüğraphic units, namely the Yüceyurt, Yanıktepe, Akdere and Demiroluk formations, The Yüceyurt formation (Middle Jurassic-Cenomanian) consists of platform facies such as dolomite, dolomitic limestone, foraminifer-algaepellet-intraclast-bearing mudstone and wackestones, The Yanıktepe formation is composed of rudist boundstonepackstone facies (Santonian-Campanian). The Akdere formation (Campanian-Paleocene-Lower Eocene) is composed ofsemi-pelagic facies, some carbonate fan deposit such as microbreccias turbidite of pelagic nature, pebble-bearing mudstones, calcarenite and channel cast conglomerate/breccia are also observed. The Demiroluk formation of Middle Eocene(Lutetian) age is composed of polygenic conglomerate/breccia, pebble bearing sandstones and marls. Facies changes inthe platform carbonates were resulted from lilting. In the same way, the fan deposits in the basin were accumulated under the control of a synsedimentary fault.The Akdere basin was formed an four stages. These are Middle Jurassic-Cenomanian stable platform stage, Turonian - Late Santonian flexural uplift and erosion, Late Santonian-Paleocene dismemberment of platform and formation ofa foreland-intermontane basin, and finally, Early Eocene deepening of the Akdere basin. 

  • dolomitic limestone

  • microbreccias turbidite

  • pelagic nature

  • Sivas

  • Aziz,A., Meşhur,M., ve Serdar, H.S., 1979 SarızPınarbaşı-Kaynak dolayının jeolojisi ve hidrokarbon olanakları, TPAO. Rap. No, 1357 (yayınlanmamış)

  • Beaumont, C.F., 1981, Foreland Basins, Geophys., J.R. ast. Soe., 65,291-329.

  • Gawthorpe, R.L., 1986, Sedimentation during carbonate ramp-to-slope evolution in a technically active area: Bowland basin (Dinantian)JNLEngland, Sedimentology, 33,185-206.

  • Hagen, E.S., Sinister, M.w., and Furlong, K.P.,., 1985, Tectonic loading and subsidence of ilntermontane basins: Wyoming foreland province, Geology, 13,585-588.

  • IngersollJR.V., 1988, 1988,Tectonic of sedimentary basins, Geol. Soc.of Am. Bull., 100,1704-1719.

  • Jordan,T.E., 1981, Thrust loads and foreland basin evolution, Cretaceous, Western United States, am. Assoc, of Petr. Gleol. Bull., 65,2506-2520.

  • Klein, G. de V., 1990, Maturatioln,based geodynamic/ geochemical classification of sedimentary basins (Ekspress sed.), Sedimentar Geol.,69,1-6.

  • Koçyığıt,A.,1981,Isparta büklümünde (Batı Toroslar) Toros Karbonat Platformunun evrimi, Türkiye Jeol. Kur.Bült., 24,15-23.

  • Kozlu, H.,Fourcade, E.,Günay,Y.,Dercourt. J., CrossJP., ve Pierre BallierJ., 1990, Doğu Toros Bölgesinde Neo-tetisin evrimi, Türkiye 8.Petrol Kongresi, Bildiriler, 387-402.

  • Monod,O.,1977,Recherces geoloques dans le Taurus occidental an sud de Beyşehir (Turquie),Devlet Doktora Tezi, TUniv. de Paris, sud, Orsay,442 p.

  • Özer,S., 1981, Rudist yığışımlarının petrol açısından önemi, Yeryuvarı ve İnsan, C.,6., 1-2,34-37.

  • Özgül ,N., Metin,S.,Göğer,E.,Bingöl,l.,ve Baydar,O., 1973, Tufanbeyli yöresinin Kambriyen-Tersiyer kayaları (Doğu Torosiar), Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült.,16,82-100.

  • Özgül,N., 1976, Torosların Bazı Temel Jeolojik Özellikleri, Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült. 19,1,65-78.

  • Özgül, N.,1984,Straügraphy and tectonic evolution of the central Taurus, Tekeli,O.,Göncüoğlu,M.C, (eds). International symposium on the geology of the Taurus Belt, 1983, Miner.Res. Explorinst. - Turkey,Ankara,77-90.

  • Perinçek,D., ve Özkaya,İ.,1981, Arabistan Levhası kuzey kenarı tektonik evrimi, Yerbilimleri,8,91-101

  • Perinçek, D., and Kozlu, H., 1984, Stratigraphy and structural relations of the units in the Afşin-ElbistanDoğanşehir region, (Esastern Taurus), Tekeli, O., Güncüoğlu, M.C., (eds). International symposium on the geology of the Taurus Belt, 1983, Miner. Res. Explor. Inst. Ankara-Turkey, 181-197.

  • Quinlan, G.M., 1984, Appalachian thrusting lithosphere flexure and the Paleozoic stratighy of the nastem Interior of North America, CanJ. Earth Sci., 21,973- 995.

  • ReadJLR, 1985, Carbonate platform facies models, Bull. Am.Assoc.Petr. Geol., 69,1-21.

  • Ricou, L.E., Aygyriadis, L. et Marcoux, Ö., 1975, L`Axe Du TaurusUn Alignement De fenetres AraboAfricaines Sous Des Nappes Radiolaritiqus, Ophiolitiques Et Metamorphiques, Bull. Soc. Geol., France, (7), XVII, 1024-1044.

  • Ricou, L.E., 1980 Toroslar`ın Helenidler ve Zagribler arasındaki yapısal rolü, Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 23,101-118.

  • Robertson, A.H.F., 1987, Upper Cretaceous Muti Formation: transition of a Mesozoic nate platform to a foreland basin in the Oman Mountains, Sedimentology, 34,1123-1142.,

  • Robertson, A., 1987, The transition from a passive margin to an Upper Cretaceous foreland basin related to ophiolite emplacement in the Oman Mountains, Geol, Soc, of Am Bull., 99,633-653.

  • Speed, R.C., and Sleep, N.H., 1982, Antler orogeny and foreland basin: A model, Geol. Soc. of Am. Bui 1. 93,815-828.

  • Stockmal, G.S., Beaumont, C, and Boutlier, R., 1986, Geodynamic model of convergent margin tectonics: Transition from rifted margin to overthrust Belt and cosequences for foreland-basin devlopment, Amer. Assoc. of Petr. Geol. Bull., 70,181-190

  • Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey, a plate tectonic approach, Tectonophysics, 75,181-241

  • Tekeli, O., 1980, Toroslar`da Aladağların yapısal evrimi, Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 23,11-14.

  • Tekeli, O., Aksay, A., Ürgün, B.M. and Işık, A., 1984, Geology of the Aladağ Mountains, Tekeli, O., Göncüoğlu, M.C. (ends). International symposium on the geology of the Taurus Belt, 1983, Miner. Res. Explor. Inst. Turkey, 143-158.

  • Vail, P.R., Mitchum, R.M., and Thompson, S., 1977, Seismic stratigrahy and global changes of sea level, in seismic stratigraphy application to hydrocarbon exploration, AAPG, Memoir, 26, 83-97.

  • Varol, B., Kazancı, N. ve Okan Y., 1987, Sanz-Tufanbeyli otokton Triyas istifinin tanımsal fasiyes özellikleri (GD Kayseri- Türkiye), Doğa Tub. Müh. ve Çevre Derg., 11,362-377.

  • Watts, A.B., and Ryan, W.B.F., 1976, Flexure of the lithosphere and continental margin basins, Tectonophysicis, 36,25-44

  • Yazgan, E., 1984, Geodynamic evolution of the Eastern Taurus region, Tekeli, O., Göncüoğlu, M.C, (eds). International Symposium on the Taurus Belt, 1983, Miner. Res. Explor. Inst., Ankara-Turkey, 199-208.

  • Geology of Northern of the Çanksaraylar Area (Şarkikaraağaç-Isparta) and Lead-Bearing Barite Deposits
    Oya Cengiz Mustafa Kuşcu
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    Abstract: In the Şarkikaraağaç-Çarıksaraylar region, there have been found to be geological units of ages varyingfrom Paleozoic to Senozoic. Paleocoic aged the Sultandede formation at the basement is divided in  two membersnamed on the the Subaşı and Kocakızıl limestone members and is overlain with in angular unconformitiy by Mesozoicaged the Hacıalabaz formation. In the region, the age of the lateritized dolerites extending several kilometers in NW-SEdirection is thought to be Pre-Jurassic, and above all these units, Quaternary aged alluvium can be seen.Two kinds of barite mineralizations are observed in the north of the Çanksaraylar. One of these barite depositionis sülfide-bearing barite deposits. Seconds one is eluvial barite depositions developed from the first barite depositionwith external effects.The Çanksaraylar lead-bearing barite mineralization, is found within the metasediments, calcschists of theSultandede formation and the dolomites and limestones of the Subaşı member of the same formation, and in theboundaries of these lithologies as vein, lens and stratiform. The mineralizations deposited with various thickness (10-70cm) extend in NW-SE direction and dips towards SW and NE.During the ore deposition the occurrences of silicification, sideritization, ankeritization, dolomitization in thewall rocks of the lead-bearing barite deposits is a charecteristic feature associated with the mineralizations.Barite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, tetrahedrite minerals are found as primary minerals in theparagenesis of the ore mineralizations. However, calcite, dolomite, siderite, ankerite and quartz are gangue minerals inthe deposits. In addition to these chalcocite-covellite, neodigenite, cerussite-anglesite, limonite, malachite and azuriteminerals are also found as secondary minerals occurred by the result of oxidation of sulfide-bearing minerals.The type of deposition, paragenesis, texture and alteration of the Çanksaraylar lead-bearing barite ores indicatedthat they are the hydrotermally deposited ores. However, second type barite deposition in the area is eluvial baritedeposits occurred from the first type barite deposition by the effect of external conditions.

  • lead-bearing barite mineralization

  • galena

  • metasediment

  • Isparta

  • Abdüsselamoğlu, S., 1958, Sultandağlarmm 1/100000 ölçekli jeolojik löveleri hakkında rapor, M.T.A. Rapor no: 2669, (yayınlanmamış)

  • Ayhan, A. , ve Karadağ, M., 1985, Şarkikaraağaç (İsparta) güneyinde bulunan boksitli demir ve demirli boksit yataklarının jeolojisi ve oluşumu, Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Biüt., 28,2,137-146

  • Ayhan, A. , 1986, Hüyük (Beyşehir) yöresinin Alt-Orta Kambriyen yaşlı birimlerde bulunan barit zuhurlarının özellikleri, S.Ü.Müh.Mim Fak. Dergisi, 1

  • Blumenthal, M., 1947, Seydişehir-Beyşehir hinderlandındaki Toros dağlarının jeolojisi, MTA yayınlan Seri D. no:2,242 s.

  • Brennich, G., 1954,1/100000 ölçekli genel jeolojik harita izahnamesi. Akşehir (90/1-2-3-4) ve Ilgın (91/1 ve 91/3) paftaları, MTA. Derleme Rapor no: 2514, (yayınlanmamış).

  • BrunnJ.H. ve diğ., 1971, Outline of the Western Taurides, in Geology and Histoy of Turkey (Ed. A. S. Campbell, Petroleum Exploration Socieuty of Libya, Tripoli), 225-255 s.

  • Bulur, k., ve Çetin, H., 1979, Yalvaç-Şarkikaraağaç (İsparta) bölgesi demirli boksit yatakları jeoloji raporu, MTA. Enst., Arşivi, 6594,54767, 96 s., (yayınlanmamış).

  • Cengiz,O., 1991, Çarıksaraylar (Şarkikaraağaç-Isparta) Kuzeyinin jeolojisi ve kurşunlu barit yataklan, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Akd. Üniv. Fen. BiLEnst., 75 s.

  • Dean, W. T. and Monod, O., 1970, The Lower Paleozoic stratigraphy and fauna of the Taurus Mountains near Beyşehir (Turkey), 1. Stratigraphy, Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.GeoL, 19/8,41,1-426 s.

  • Demirkol, C, 1977, Yalvaç-Akşehir dolayının jeolojisi, Doçentlik Tezi, S. Ü. Yerb. Böl., Konya, 114 s., (yayınlanmamış).

  • Demirkol, C, ve diğ., 1977, Sultandağının Stratigrafisi ve Jeoloji Evrimi, M.T.A. Enst., Jeoloji Dairesi

  • Desparıes, A., and Gutnic, M., 1972, Les gres rouges au sommet du Paleozoigue du massif du Sultandağ et les niveaux ferra litigues de la couverture Mesozoigue (NE du Taurus occidentale, Turguie), Bull, de. la. Soc. Ge`ol. de France, ser. 7, Tem, 12, no:3, 505-514 s.

  • Eren, Y., 1990, Engili (Akşehir) ve Bağkonak (Yalvaç) köyleri arasındaki Sultandağları Masifinin tektonik özellikleri, TJK Bült., 33,36-50

  • Gedik, L, 1989, Batı Toroslar Kambriyeninde Hadımopanellid biyostratigrafık Zonlanma, T.J.K. Bült., 32,65-78

  • Haude, H., 1972, Staratigraphie und Tektonic des Südlichen Sultandağ (SW Anatolien), Zeit. Deutsch. Geol Ges., 123,411-421

  • Özgül,N., ve Gedik, İ., 1973, Orta Toroslarda Alt Paleozoyik yaşta Caltepe Kireçtaşı va Seydişehir Formasyonu`nun stratigrafi ve konodont faunası hakkında yeni bilgiler, T. J. K. Bült., 16,2

  • Öztürk, E.M.,Öztürk, Z., Ayaroğlu ve Acar, S., 1977, Şarkikaraağaç (İsparta) ve dolayının jeolojisi, M. T. A. Enst. , Derleme no: 7045, 190 s. (yayınlanmamış).

  • Üstün, Z., Özbek,B., 1974, Beyşehir-Hüyük-llimen köyü ve civarındaki barit zuhurlarının detay jeolojisi, M. T. A. Enst., Derleme, (yayınlanmamış).

  • Engineering Geological Investigation of the Rock Units Along the Derivation Tunnel Alignment of the Güledar Dam (Çubuk, Ankara)
    Hasan Aydin Özsan
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    Abstract: In this study, the geological and geotechnical properties of the rock units along the derivation tunnelalignment were evaluated before construction of the Güledar dam. The main two formations crop out on the tunnelalignment and its vicinity. Güledar formation in Triassic aged consist of volcanic and metamorphic rocks with thePermian-Carboniferous limestone blocks. Sirkeli Formation which overlay Güledar Formation unconformably, consistof weakly consolidated and unconsolidated conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone with clay interclations. Q andGeomechanical RMR rock classifications were made by using the geotechnical parameters evaluated from the rock unitsof the tunnel aligment. The different support categories have been proposed for the rock units of the derivation tunnel ofthe Güledar dam.

  • derivation tunnel

  • sandstone

  • Engineering geology

  • Ankara

  • Akyürek, B., Bilginer, E., B., Hepsen N., Pehlivan, Ş., Sunu, O., Soysal, Y., Dağer, Z, Çatal, E., Sözen, B., Yıldırım, H., Hakyemez, Y., 1984, AnkaraElmadağ-Kalecik dolayının temel jeoloji özellikleri: Jeoloji Mühendisliği, 20,3146.

  • Barton, N., 1976, Recent Experiences with the Q-System for tunnel support. Proceedings, Symposium Exploration for Rock Engineering, ed. Z. T. Bieniawski, A.A. Balkema Press, Rotterdam, 1976, Vol l,pp 107-114

  • Barton, N., Lien, R., and Lunde, J., 1974, Engineering Classification of Rock Masses for the Design of Tunnel Support: Rock Mechanics, Vol 6, No. 4, pp 183-236.

  • Bieniawski, Z. T., 1973, Engineering Classification of Rock Masses: Transactions of South African institution of Civil Engineers Vol 15, No. 12, pp 335- 344

  • Bieniawski, Z.T., 1974, Geomechanic Classification of Rock Masses and its Application in Tunneling: Proceedings, Third International Congress Rock Mechanics, International Society For Rock Mechanics, Denver, Colo., Vol ! ! A pp 27-32.

  • Bieniawski, Z.T., 1979, Tunnel design by rock mass Classifications: Technical report, 61-79-19, Office Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army Washington, D.C.20314.

  • Karaaslan, N., Taner, O., 1987, Çubuk projesi mühendişlik Jeolojisi ön inceleme raporu: DSİ V. Bölge (Yayımlanmamış).

  • Özsan, A., 1992, Güledar barajı ve göl alanının (Çubuk, Ankara) mühendislik jeolojisi: Geosound . (Baskıda), Adana

  • The Stratigraphy and Tectonics ofVAkdağ Metamorphics and Their Cover Rocks in the South of Yıldızeli (Sivas-NE Central Anatolia)
    Ergun Gökten
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    Abstract: In the south of Yıldızeli region mainly metamorphic and igneous rock of Akdağ massif and its cover rocks of Tertiary age are exposed.The varieties in metamorphic rocks reveal the existence of heterogenous metamorphism processes. This metamorphic suite has been intruded by some plutonic rocks in Pre-Eocene time. The regional metamorphism which isreached to a medium pressure/high temperature level, and the contact metamorphism caused by intrusion have beencompleted by the end of Late Cretaceous.The Akdağ metamorphic series are transgressively coverd by the units of Lutetian age in the south of Yıldızeli. Lutetian is unconformably overlain by the fluvial and limnic lithologies of Late Miocene time. As for the Pliocene rockunits which are exposed in throughout Kızılırmak valley at the south, are mainly represented by fluvial sediments andcover the older series unconformably. The Akdağ metamorphic rocks form a horst structure in the south of Yıldızeli and show normal faulted contacst to Lutetian and the younger units. The compressive deformational period had develeoped as a skin tectonics in the region after Lutetian time.

  • The Akdağ metamorphic series

  • contact metamorphism

  • horst

  • Sivas

  • Erkan, Y., 1976, Kırşehir çevresindeki rejyonal metamorfîk bölgede saptanan isogradlar ve bunların petrolojik yorumlanmalan: Yerbilimleri, 2,1,23-54.

  • Erkan, Y.,1977, Orta Anadolu masifinin güneybatısında (Kırşehir bölgesinde) etkili rejyonal meîamorfizma ile amfibol minerallerinin bileşimi arasındaki ilişkiler: Yerbilimleri, 3,1-2,41-46

  • Erkan, Y., 1980, Orta Anadolu masifinin kuzeydoğusunda (Akdağmadeni-Yozgat) etkili olan bölgesel metamorfizmanm incelenmesi: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. BülL, 23/2,213-218.

  • Erkan, Y., 1981, Orta Anadolu`nun .metamorfizması üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda varılan sonuçlar: İç Anadolu`nun jeolojisi simpozyumu: T. J. K. 35. Kurultayı, 9-11.

  • Erkan, Y. ve Ataman, G., 1981, Orta Anadolu masifi (Kırşehir yöresi) metamorfızma yaşı üzerine K-Ar yöntemi ile bir inceleme: Yerbilimleri, 8,27-30.

  • Gökten, E., 1983, Şarkışla güney-güneydoğusunun stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. BülL, 26, 167-176.

  • Gökten, E., 1986, Paleocene carbonate turbidites of the Şarkışla region; Their significance inan orogenic basin: Sediment. Geol, 49-143-165.

  • Ketin, L, 1955, Yozgat bölgesinin jeoloji ve Orta Anadolu masifinin tektonik durumu: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. BülL, VI/1,1-40.

  • Ketin, İ., 1966, Anadolu`nun tektonik birlikleri: Maden Tet. Arama Derg. 66,20-34.

  • Özer, S. ve Göncüoğlu, C, 1981, Orta Anadolu masifin doğusunda (Akdağmadeni-Yıldızeli) ilginç metamorfik parajenezler: Maden Tet. Arama Derg., 93- 94,173-174.

  • Pollak, A., 1958, Uber einege geologisehe Bestbachtungen im Zentranatolischenmassiv: Notiz 61, hess. 1.- Amt. Badenforshung, 87- 239-245.

  • Seymen L, 1981 a, Kaman (Kırşehir) dolayında Kırşehir masifinin metamorfizması: İç Anadolu`nun jeolojisi simpozyumu: TJ . K. 35. Bilimsel ve Teknik Kurultayı, 12-15.

  • Seymen, L, 1981 b, Kaman (Kırşehir) dolayında Kırşehir masifin stratigrafisi ve metamorfizması: Türkiye Jeol. Kur. BülL, 24/2,101-108.

  • Seymen, L, 1984, Kırşehir masifi metamorfiüerinin jeolojik evrimi: Ketin Simpozyumu 1984: T. J. K. Yayını, 133-148.

  • Tatar, Y., 1977, Ofiyolitli Çamlıbel (Yıldızeli) bölgesinin stratigrafisi ve petrografisi: Maden Tet. Arama Derg., 88,56-72.

  • Tolluoğlu, Ü., 1986, Orta Anadolu masifinin güneybatısında petrografik ve petrotektonik incelemeler: Hacettepe Univ., Doktora Tezi, 237 s. (yayımlanmamış).

  • Vache, R., 1963, Akdağmadeni kontakt yatakları ve bunların Orta Anadolu kristalinine karşı olan jeolojik çerçevesi: Maden Tet. Arama Derg., 60,22-36.

  • Winkler, H. G. F., 1979, Petrogenesis of metamorphic rock: Springer Verlag, 5 th Ed., New York, 348 p.

  • Yılmaz, A. ve Özer, S., 1984, Kuzey Anadolu bindirme kuşağının Akdağmadeni (Yozgat) ile Karaçayır (Sivas) arasındaki bölümün temel jeoloji incelemesi ve Tersiyer havzasının yapısal evrimi: Ketin Simpozyumu 1984: T. J. K. Yayını, 163-174.

  • The Ostracode Distribution and Environmental Features of Tertiary Sequence of the Karsanti Region (NNE Adana)
    Ümit Şafak
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    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental features and stratigraphy, with ostracodefauna, of Tertiary sequence Karsantı Region (NNE Adana)In this study, 31 Ostracode genus, 5 subgenus and 31 species have been «identified from the Oligocene-Mddle Miocene age of detritic units cropped out the region. Neomonoceratina helvetica-Aurila soummamensis Zone,Gökçen (1984) has been defined from the Burdigalian-Lower Langhian by using of these species. This zone has been correlated within the previously-studied Tethys-Paratethys regions and with contemperary sequences deposited in Turkey.According to the ostracode fauna, various deposition environments that Early Oligocene is shallow marine, LateOligocene is continental/transition and Burdigalian-Early Langhian has shallow marine features are indicated fromOligocene to Early Langhian in the study area.

  • Ostracode

  • Tertiary sequence

  • Tethys-Paratethys regions

  • Adana

  • Abdüsselamoğlu, M.Ş., 1959, Yukarı Seyhan Bölgesinde Doğu Torosların Jeolojik Etüdü, MTA Derleme Rapor No: 2668,5 s., Ankara (Yayımlanmamış)

  • Bassiouni, M.A., 1979, Brackische und marine Ostrakoden (Cytherideinae, Hemicytherinae, Trachyleberidinae) aus dem Oligozan und Neogen der Türkei. GeolJb.) Reihe B, Heft 31, Hannover, 1-200)

  • Blumenthal, M., 1941, Niğde ve Adana vilayetleri dahilindeki Torosların Jeolojisine umumi bir bakış, MTA yayını, No: 6 Seri B, 95 s., Ankara

  • Carbonnel, G. ve Jıncek, R., 1977, Superzones et datums a Ostracodes dans le Neogene de la Tethys (bassin du Rhone) et de la Paratethys. Newsl. Stratigr. 6 (1): 23-29, Berlin.

  • Demirkol, C. Kerey, I.E., Yetiş, C, 1988, Karsantı formasyonu Bingüç kömürlerinin sedimantolojik ve diğer özellikleri (Adana Baseni), Akdeniz Üniversitesi, İsparta Müh. Fak. Derg., 4,420-430, İsparta.

  • Gökçen, N., 1979, Denizli-Muğla çevresi Neojen istifinin stratigrafisi ve paleontolojisi, Doçentlik Tezi, Hacettepe Univ., 154 s., 8 Lev., 2 Ek., Ankara.

  • Gökçen, N., 1982, Denizli-Muğla çevresi Neojen istifinin ostrakod biyostratigrafisi, Yerbilimleri Dergisi, 9: 111-132, Ankara.

  • Gökçen, N., 1984, Neomonoceratina helvetica Superzone and Carinocythereis Datumplnae in Neogene sequences of Turkey, Newsl. Stratigr. 13 (2), 94-103- 2 Tab, Berlin-Stuttgart

  • İlker S., 1975, Adana Baseni kuzeybatısının Jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları, TPAO Arşiv No. 973,63 s.

  • Jıncek, R., 1983, Redefinition of the Oligocene and Neogene ostracod zonation Paratethys. Knihovnicka Zemniha plynu a nafty (Nr.4), 195-236/36 Tab, 9 Lev. Hodonin.

  • Morkhoven, F.P.M. Vaan, 1962, Post Paleozoic ostracoda, Elsevier edit., 1:1-244.

  • Pampal, S., 1983, Doğu Toroslarda Kadirli-Kozan-Feke (Adana) ile Çokak (K.Maraş) arasındaki bölgenin stratigrafik ve tektonik özellikleri. S.Ü. Müh. Mim. Fak. Jeoloji Bölümü, Doktora Tezi, 133 s., Konya.

  • Schmidt, G.C., 1961, Stratigraphic nomenclature for the Adana region petroleum district VII. Petroleum Administration Bull. 6., Ankara.

  • Şafak, Ü., 1992, Yayladağ-Altınözü (Altınözü) ve civarı Tersiyer istifinin stratigrafik ve mikropaleontolojik incelenmesi, Ç. Ü. Rektörlüğü Araştırma Projesi, MMF 90/5, Adana (Yayınlanmamış).

  • Şafak, Ü. ve Gökçen, R, 1991, Planktik Foraminifer Zonlamasına Doğu Akdeniz Provensinden Bir Örnek: Mut Havzası Tersiyer İstifi, TJ.K. Bülteni, Cilt: 34, Sayı: 1, s. 27-37, Ankara.

  • Şafak, Ü. ve Ünlügcnç, U.C., 1993, Kozoluk, Solaklı ve Kevizli (Adana kuzeyi) civarında yüzeyleyen OligosenOrta Miyosen yaşlı istiflerin ostrakod faunası ve biyostratigrafisi, Geosound, Yerbilimleri, Sayı: 21 (baskıda).

  • Tanar, Ü., 1989, Mut Havzası Tersiyer İstifinin stratigrafik ve mikropaleontolojik (ostrakod ve foraminifer) incelemesi, Doktora Tezi, Ç.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enst., 199 s., 3 Ek., 12 Lev., Adana.

  • Temek, Z., 1957, Adana Baseni Alt Miyosen (Burdigaliyen) Formasyonlan ve diğer formasyonlarla ilişkisi ve petrol olanakları, MTA Bülteni, 49,60-80, Ankara

  • Ünlügenç, U.C. ve Demirkol, C, 1988, Kızıldağ Yayla (Adana) dolayının stratigrafisi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi, Sayı: 32-33,17-25, Ankara

  • Ünlügenç, U.C. ve Demirkol, C, 1991, KarsantıEğner,Akdam (K-KD Adana) dolaylarının stratigrafik incelenmesi, Ahmet Acar Jeoloji Sempozyumu, Editör: C. Yetiş, 239-254, Adana.

  • Ünlügenç, U.C. ve Demirkol, C. ve Şafak, Ü., 1993, Adana Baseni K-KD`sunda yer alan Karsantı Basen Çökellerinin stratigrafik-sedimantolojik nitelikleri, Suat Erk Jeoloji Sempozyumu, Ankara (baskıda).

  • Yetiş, C, 1978, Çamardı (Niğde İli) yakın ve uzak dolayının Jeoloji incelemesi ve Ecemiş yanlım kuşağının Maden Boğazı-Kamış arasındaki özellikleri, İst. Üniv. Fen Fak. Doktora Tezi, 164 s., İstanbul

  • Yetiş, C. ve Demirkol., 1986, Adana Baseni batı kesiminin detay Jeloji etüdü, MTA Rapor No: 8037 187 s., Ankara.

  • Yürünen, S., Abacı, Ş. ve Gökçen, S.L., 1987, Karsantı Bölgesi (Adana) Miyosen kumtaşlannm sedimantolojisi ve klastik petrofasiyesleri, J.M.O. Dergisi, Sayı: 30-31,21-30, Ankara.

  • Interpretation of Geochemical, Radiometric and Isotopic DATA ON KULA Volcanics (Manisa-W.Anatolia)
    Tuncay Ercan
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    Abstract: Alkaline basaltic rocks of Quaternary age are dominant in the vicinity of Kula town in the Manisaprovince in Western Anatolia (Turkey). Tliese volcanics are represented by three distinct stages of volcanic activity. Thefirst stage forms I, I m. y. old flood basalts. The last stage occured about 20.000 years ago and are of cinder and spattercones, "aa" type lava flows, tuffs and tephras. "Base Surge" type bed forms have been observed around some maarvolcanoes of second stage and pirimitive human footprints are observed in third stage tuffs. Kula alkali volcanics arelocated within the Western Turkey Graben System which was formed as a result of the Aegean extensional tectonicregime. Abundant mantle xenoliths were brought up by the eruptions of the second and third volcanic activity periods.These xenoliths consist of olivine + kaersutite + apatite + cpx ± phlogopite ± sphene indicating modal metasomatismof the Subcontinental lithosphere. Strontium isotopic ranges for Kula basalts are 87 Sr/86 Sr= 0,7020 - 0,7035.According to petrochemical investigations there is no chemical difference between the lavas of all three stages and all thelavas are more alkaline. They derived from an alkali olivine basaltic magma and have a mantle origin. The lavas arepartly sodic and partly polassic. Their potassium content increase from first to third stage. The younger lavas are morepotassic then the old ones. Noble gas and helium isotopic composition in gas samples from the Kula volcanic provincewere measured and nearly mantle-derived helium was found in all the samples. The highest 3He/4He ratio was3,92x10*6. Volatile gasss including helium released from mantle or diapiric magma interact chemically with marinecarbonate in the crust and evolved carbon dioxide and radiogenic helium dilute the original magmatic gas. Therefore, it ispossible that Kula volcanism will be re-active and new alkali basaltic lavas will be formed in the future.

  • kaersutite

  • Kula basalts

  • helium

  • olivine

  • Borsi, S., Ferrara, G., Innocenti, F. and Mazzuoli, R., 1972, Geochronology and petrology of recent volcanics in the Eastern Aegean sea: Bull. Volcan., 36/3, 473-496

  • Coombs, D.S. and Wilkinson, J. F. C, 1969, Lineages and fractionation trends in undersaturated volcanic rocks from the East Otago volcanic province (New Zealand) and related rocks: Jour, of Petrology, 10/3, 440-501

  • Deleuil, A., 1977, Contribution a la geochronologie potassum argon du volcanisme Neogene df Anatolie occidentale (regions de Kızılcahamam et de Uşak, Turquie): These, Toulouse Paul Sabatier Univ., France, 85 p.

  • Dewey, J. f. and Şengör, A. M. C, 1979, Aegean and surrounding region, complex multi plate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone: Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 90,84-92

  • Ercan, T., 1981, Geology of the Kula area (West Anatolian, Turkey) and petrology of the volcanic rocks: These, İstanbul, Univ., Istanbul, 168 p.

  • Ercan, T. .nul O/tunalı, Ö., 1982, Characteristic features and iki o Surge

  • Ercan, T., Satır, M., Kreuzer, H., Türkecan, A., Günay, E., Çevikbaş, A., Ateş, M., and Can, B., 1985, Interpretation of new chemical, ısotopic and radiometric daha on Cenozoic volcanics of Western Anatolia: Bull. Geol. Soc. Turkey, 28, 121-136.

  • Erinç, S., 1970, Kula-Adala arasında gene volkan relief i: î. Ü. Coğrafya Ens. Derg., 17, 148-167

  • Göksu, Y., 1982, Gediz kıyısındaki ayak izleri kaç yaşında?: 25/12/1982 tarihli Cumhuriyet Gazetesi, 2.

  • Gülen, L., Hart, S., and Ercan, T., 1986, Metasomatised mantle below Western Turkey: A Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic study of alkaline magmas and mantle xenoliths: Terra Cognita, 6/2, 241.

  • H. De La Roche, H., 1978, La chimie des roches presentee et interpretas d`apres la structure de leur fades mineral dans L`espace des variables chimiques: Chemical Geol., 21, 63-87

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  • Irvine, T. N. and Baragar, W. R. A., 1971, A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks: Can. Jour. Earth Scien., 8, 523-548

  • Kamenskiy, I. L., Lobkov, A., Prasolov, E. M., Beskrovny, Y., Kudrayavtseva, E. I., Anufriyev, G. S. and Pavlov, V. P., 1976, Components of the upper mantle in the volcanic gases of Kamchatka according to He, Ne, Ar and C isotopy: Transl. from Geokhimiya, 5, 682-694

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  • Macdonald, G. A. and Katsura, J., 1964, Chemical composition of Hawaiian lavas: Journal of Petrology, 5, 82-133

  • Nagao, K., Matsuda, J. L, Kita, 1. and Ercan, T., 1989, Noble gas and carbon isotopic compositions in Quaternary volcanic area in Turkey: Bull. Geomorp., 17, 101-110

  • Pearce, J. A. and Cann, J. R., 1973, Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analysis: Earth Planet. Scien. Lett., 19, 290-300

  • Ricci, C. A. and Şerri, G., 1975, Evidence geochimiche sullo diversa affinita petrogenetica delle rocce basiche comprese nelle seric a facies Toscana: Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 94, 1187-1198

  • Rittmann, A., 1952, Nomenclature of volcanic rocks: Bull. Volcan., 14, 75-102

  • Rittmann, A., 1962, Volcanoes and their activity: John Wiley and sons, New York, London, 305 p

  • Sano, Y. and Wakita, H., 1985, Geographical distribution of 3He / 4He ratios in Japan,; Implications for arc tectonics and incipient magmatism: Jour. Geophys. Res., 90, 8729-8741

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  • Şengör, A. M. C, 1980, Türkiye`nin neotektoniğinin esasları: T. J. K. Yayını, 40p., Ankara

  • Tekkaya, İ., 1976, İnsanlara ait fosil ayak izleri: Yeryuvarı ve İnsan, 1/2, 8-10

  • Thornton, C, P. and Tuttle, O. F., 1960, Chemistry of igneous rocks, Part 1, Differentiation index: Amer. Jour. Scien, 258, 664-684

  • Washington, H. S., 1894, On the basalts of Kula: Amer. Jour. Scien, 48, 114-123

  • Washington, H. S., 1900, The Composition of Kulaite: Journal of Geology, 8, 610-620

  • Whitehead, R. E. S. and Good fellow, W. D., 1978, Geochemistry of volcanic rocks from the Tetagouche group, Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada: Can. Jour. Earth. Scie., 15, 207-219

  • Yilmaz,Y., 1990, An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of Western Turkey: In: Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region. Ed: A. M. C. Şengör, Nato ASI Series Vol: 259 Klower Academic Publishers Boston/London, 137-159.

  • Paleontologic and Stratigraphic Features of Upper Cretaceous Units in the Vicinity of Hekimhan (Malatya)
    Zeynep Özdemir Mahmut Tunç
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    Abstract: The purpose of this research is the investigation of the paleontology and stratigraphy of studied area,located to the south of Hekimhan (Malatya, 1/25 000, feste).The oldest unit in this area is Ophiolites which is emplaced pre-Upper Cretaceous. Campanian-Maestrichtianaged flysch sediments overlies this Ophiolite unconformably. Yığma member, locating at the bottom of the Hekimhanformation codnsisting of conglomerate, sandstone, claystone and mudstone in 110 m. thickness. This unit overlivedconformably by sediments called as Çöreklik member in flysch facies. Reefal limestones area named as Kuşkayamember in 28 m. are located at the top this cequence.After investigation several samples taken from four stratigraphic sections which are measured from the flyschsediments, planktonic foraminifer zones have been classified as follows; Globotruncanita elevata (Campanian).Globotruncana area (Lower Mazstxichtian) and Rosita contusa (Middle Maestrichtian).

  • Ophiolite

  • flysch

  • planktonic foraminifer zones

  • Hekimhan

  • Akkuş, MF. 1971, Darende-Balaban Havzasının (Malatya, ESE Anadolu) jeolojik ve stratsgrafi incelemesi, MTA Dergisi, 76,1-60, Ankara

  • Ayan. T. ve Bulut. C, 1961, Balaban, Yazıhan, Kurşunlu ve Levent bucakları (Malatya) arasındaki alanın genel jeolojisi, MTA Raporu, 47-70, Ankara

  • Barr. F.T., 1972, Cretaceous biostratigraphy and Planctonic Foraminifera of Libya. Micropal.vol. 18, no. 1, p. 18-25

  • Beckman. J.P., et ali, 1967, Standart Planctonic Zones in Egyp. Proced. First Inter. Cont. Planctonic Microfosils, vol. l,p. 93-103

  • Bellier J.P, 1977, Ramarques sur les foraminiferes planctoniqes des stratotypes Francais du Cretace Superieur; Quelques Globotruncanidae du Campanian type. Actes du VI Collg. Afr. Micropaleont., Tunus, 1974; Anales Min. Geol., No. 28, tame? 1, pp. 314

  • Bolli, H.M., 1957a, The Genus Globotruncana in Trinidat, B.W.I. Journ. Paleont., vol. 25, No. 2, p. 196-8

  • Bolli, H.M. dig. 1957b, Planctonic Foraminiferal families Hantkeninidae, Orbu linidae, Globorotalidea and Globotruncanidae. A.U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. no. 215, p. 43-194

  • Bolli, H.M. 1959, The general Preaglobotruncana, Rotalipora, globotruncana and Abatomphalus in the Upper Cretaceous of Trinadad, B.W.I., U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull, no. 215, p. 51-60

  • Bolli, H.M. ve dig. 1985, Plancton Stratigraphy, p. 50-67

  • Bulut. C, 1964, Malatya Bölgesi K C (1/25.000 ölçekli) raporu, MTA raporu (yayınlanmamış), Ankara

  • Dalbiez. F., 1955 The genus Globotruncana in tunusia, Micropal, vol.1, no. 2, p. 169-70

  • Dougles. R.G., 1967, Upper Cretaceous biostratigraphy of northern California, roced. First International. Conf. Plane, microfosils., vol. 2, p. 126-152

  • Dougles. R.G. 1969, Upper Cretaceous planctonic foraminifera in northern California. Part: 1-systematik. Micropaleont. vol. 15, n. 2, p. 151-209

  • Hamam. K.A., and Haynes. JJR., 1977, Upper Cretaceouslower Tertiary biostratigraphy and Planctonic foraminifera of Abu El Awari succesion, Jordon. Re espanola micropaleont vol. 9, n. 1, p. 55-56

  • Horker.J., 1978, Analysis of alarge succesion of samples through the Upper Maestrichtian and the Lower Tertiary of drili hole 47.2, Shatsky Rise, Pacific, deep see drilling project. Journ Foram. Res., vol. 8, no.l,p.59

  • İzdar. E.K ve Ünlü.T., 1977, Hekimham-HasançelebiKulucak bölgesinin jeolojisi, Uluslararası 6. Ege Jeolojisi Kollogyumu, izmir.

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  • Sirel. E. 1976b. Eonnularia conica n.sp. türünün tanımı ve Darende-gürün (Batı Malatya) yöresindeki Üst Lütesiyen - Alt Priaboniyen kireçtaşlarına ilişkin yeni görüşler. TJK Bült, 19,2,79-82

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  • Tunç.M., 1984, Seben (KB Ankara) yöresindeki Üst Kretase tortullannm biyostratigrafîk incelenmesi, C.Ü, Müh. Fak. Yer. Bil. Dergisi, cilt. 1, s. 1

  • Würtz. D., 1955, Malatya-Tohma suyu çöküntü bölgelerinin jeolojik lövelleri hakkında rapor. MTA rap. no: 2364 (yayınlanmamış) Ankara

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  • The Third Dimension in En Echelon Fold Geometry: Examples From The San Andreas Fault Zone
    Hayrettin Koral
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    Abstract: This study investigates three-dimensional geometry of en echelon folds. To elicit the geometry,twenty-four fold azimuths were examined on twelve separate anticlines in the Los Angeles and Ventura areas. Field datashow that hinge azimuths of en echelon folds deviate to new orientation and acquire smaller angles to the sheardirection. The change in orientation of the fold azimuths is interpreted as the consequence of difference in duration ofdeformation and physical parameters between the levels studied.

  • The San Andreas Fault Zone

  • en echelon folds

  • strike slip fault zone

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  • Harding, T. F., 1973. Newport-Inglewood trend, California-an example of wrenching style deformation. A. A. P. G. Bulletin, 57, 97-115.

  • Harding, T. F., 1974. Petroleum traps associated with wrench faults, A. A. P. G. Bulletin, 58, 1290-134.

  • Hodges, F. C, 1944. Gas storage and recent developments in the Playa Del Rey oil field. California Division of Oil and Gas, Summ. of Operations, 30 (2), 3-10.

  • Jennings, C. W., and B. W. Troxel, 1954. Geology of Southern California, Geologiv guide 2, Ventura basin. Divison of Mines Bulletin, 170, 1-63.710.

  • Johnson, R. A., 1961. East area of Portrero oil field. California Div. of oil and Gas. Summ. of Operations, 47 (2), 65-74.

  • Koral, H., 1983. Folding of strata within the shear zones: inferences from the azimuths of en echelon folds alog the San. Andreas fault. Unpublished M. Sc. thesis, Rensselaer Polythecnic Institute, 100 p.

  • Mefferd, M. G. and S. Cordova, 1962. West Coyote oil field. California Division of oil and Gas, Summ. of operations, 48 (1), 37-46.

  • Mefferd, M. G., 1970. Murphy area of Las Cienagas Oil Field. California Division of Oil and Gaz. Summ. of operations, 56 (1), 5-14.

  • Odonne, F., and P. Vialon, 1983. Analogue models of folds above a wrench fault. Tectonophysics, 99, 31-46.

  • Ramsay, J. G., 1980. Shear zone geometry: a review. Journal of Structural Geology, 2, 83-99.

  • Sylvester, G. A., 1988. Strike-slip fault. G. S. A. Bulletin, 100, 1666-1703.

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  • Wilcox, R. E., T. P. Harding, and D. R. Seely, 1973. Basic-wrench tectonics. A. A. P. G. Bulletin, 57, 74-90.

  • Winterer, E. L. and D. L. Durham, 1962. Geoyogy of Southern Ventura Basin, Los Angeles County, California. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Papar, 334 (H), 275-366.

  • Ybarra, R. A., M. W. Dosch and A. D. Stockton, 1960. East Coyote oil field. California Div. of Oil and Gas. Summ. of Operations, 46 (1), 71-76.

  • Yeats, R. S., 1973. Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone, Los Angeles Basin, California. A. A. P. G. Bulletin, 57, 117-135.

  • Yerkes, R. S. et al., 1965. Geology of the Los Angeles Basin, California an introduction. Geological Survey Prof. Paper, 420 (A), 117-135.

  • Yerkes, R. F., 1972. Geology and oil resoursces of the Western Puente Hills area, South California. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 420 (C), 1-62.

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  • Stratigraphy of the Tonya-Düzköy (SW Trabzon) Area, NE Turkey
    Sadettin Korkmaz
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    Abstract: The oldest unit exposed in the study area is the Gürgendağ Yayla formation of Liass-Dogger agecomprising of weatheret purble colored basalt, andesite and their pyroclastics. This formation is conformably overlainby pyroclastics. This formation is conformably overlain by massive and thick-bedded limestones of the Berdigaformation of Upper Jurassic-lower Cretaceous. The Berdiga formation is inturn unconformably overlain by the Düzköyformation of Campanian-Maastrichtian age wich consist of andesite, basalt and dacite lava and their pyroclastics. Thisformation grades upward in to white colored limestone and marl intercalations of the Tonya formation ofMaastrichtian-Danian age. The Foldere formation of Lutetian age consisting of andesite, basalt lava and pyroclasticswith sedimentary intercalations rests disconformably on the Tonya formation. All these units are disconformablyoverlain by the Karadağ formation of Mio-Pliocene age comprising olivine-augite basalt and its pyroclastics. 

  • basalt

  • andesite

  • pyroclastic

  • Trabzon

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  • Çapkınoğlu, Ş., 1981, Borçka-Çavuşlu (Hopa) arasının jeolojisi, yüksek Lisans Tezi, KTÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.

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  • Gedik, A., Korkmaz, S., 1984, Sinop havzasının jeolojisi ve petrol olanakları, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, 19,53-79

  • Keskin, L, Korkmaz, S., Gedik, L, Ateş, M., Gök, L., Küçümen, Ö., Erkal, T., 1989, Bayburt dolayının jeolojisi, MTA derleme rapor no: 8995, Ankara.

  • Korkmaz, S., Baki, Z., 1984, Demirözü (Bayburt) güneyinin stratigrafisi, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni 5,107-115.

  • Korkmaz, S., Er, M., Van, A., Musaoğlu, A., Keskin, İ., Tüysüz, N., 1992, Stratigraphy of the easetrn Pontides, Inter. Symp. on the Geology of tha Black Sea region, s. 17, Ankara

  • Korkmaz,S., Gedik,A., 1988, Rize-Fındıklı-Çamlıhemşin arasında kalan bölgenin jeolojisi ve petrol oluşumları, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, 32/33, 5-15.

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  • Pelin, S., 1977, Alucra (Giresun) Güneydoğu Yöresinin Petrol Olanakları Bakımından Jeolojik İncelemesi, Doçentlik Tezi, KTÜ yaynı no:87,103 s., Trabzon.

  • Seymen, İ, 1975, Kelkit Vadisi Kesiminde Kuzey Anadolu Fay Zonunun Tektonik özelliği, Doktora tezi, 192 s., İTÜ, İstanbul.

  • Şahin, N., 1987, Kaymakam kayası (Sinop) ve Tonya (Trabzon) Yöreleri Üst Kretase İstiflerinin Heterohelicid ve Küçük Bentonik Faunası, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 38 s., K. T. Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon.

  • Takashi, H., Öner, O., 1975, Trabzon bölgesinin 1/50 000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası, MTA arşiv no: 30670, Ankara.

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  • Taşlı, K., 1984, Hamsiköy (Trabzon) yöresinin jeolojisi, Karadeniz Üniversitesi Dergisi, Jeoloji, 3, 1/2, 69- 76.

  • Terlemez, 1, Yılmaz, A., 1980, Ünye-Ordu-KoyuhisarReşadiye arasında kalan bölgenin stratigrafisi, TJK Bülteni, 23,2,179-191.

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  • Geology, Mineralogy and Economic Potantial of Sultançayır (Susurluk- Balıkesir) Boratiferous Gypsum Basin
    İbrahim Gündoğan Cahit Helvaci
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    Abstract: Metamorphic basement complex are unconformably overlain by the Triassic Dışkaya (Karakaya) formation which is intruded by the Paleocene Çataldağ granidiorite unit. Lower Miocene andesite-aglomera and tuff unitrest top of all these older unit with unconformity, Midle-Upper Miocene sediments overly all the older units, and contents in ascending order, basement conglomarate, lower limestone, sandy claystone and upper limestone units. According to the petrographic studies, metamorphic basement complex are composed of amphibolite and quartz -muscovite schist, whereas Dışkaya formation are composed of neomorphic limestone blocks, shale and lithareniüc sandstones, Sandstones taken from basement conglomerate unit show feldspatic litharenite composition.Boratiferous gypsum beds varying 10 to 15 metre in thichnesses, occur within the sandy claystone unit. Nodularpandermite and howlite minerals are present within these gypsum horizons. Chemical analysis shows that pandermiteand howlite minerals have 46.49% and 40.69% B2O3 mean values respectively, It is estimated that the reserve of theSultançayır borate deposit is approximately 1 million metric tons. Howewer, a great amount of this reserve was minedout by the French and English companies during the period between the years of 1865 and 1955. In addition, probabledistribution of gypsum beds are determined and 300 million ton geologic reserv arc calculated. These gypsum beds have34% SO3 mean value and the properties of gypsum beds are suitable for the cement industry.

  • boratiferous gypsum basin

  • feldspatic sandstone

  • pandermite

  • howlite

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