Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
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  • 2025 AĞUSTOS Cilt 68 Sayı 3
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

2025 AĞUSTOS Cilt 68 Sayı 3
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Perlitleşmemiş Obsidiyen Genleşmesi: Hidrasyon ve Oluşum Özellikleri
Lütfiye Akin Erkan Aydar
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Öz: Magma ile su etkileşimi, volkanik patlamalarda patlamanın şiddetini belirleyen en önemli parametrelerden biri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, patlama ile oluşan volkanik ürünlerde rastlanılan su içeriğinin volkanizma sırasında veya sonrasında gelişip gelişmediğinin belirlenmesinde çeşitli kısıtlamalar bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Nevşehir Acıgöl Maar`ından örneklenen obsidiyenin, perlitik doku sahibi olmadan ısıl işlem ile genleşmesinin nedeni ve özellikleri ile termal ayrışma özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bantlı obsidiyenin genleştirilmesi sırasında geçirmiş olduğu fiziksel ve kimyasal değişimler, çeşitli analitik yöntemler ile incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, su bileşenlerinde meydana gelen değişimler FT-IR analizi ile gözlemlenmiştir. Örnekte gerçekleşen kütle kaybının değeri TG-DTA yöntemi ile ölçülmüş olup genleştirme deneyi sonucunda oluşan üründe genleşmeye bağlı meydana gelen dokusal değişimler üç boyutlu tomografik görüntüleme tekniği ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bir volkan camının termal olarak ayrışması, uçucu gazlar ile birincil ve ikincil su türlerinin farklı sıcaklıklarda çeşitli süreçler sonucunda salınması ile meydana gelmektedir. Bu çalışma ile su içeren riyolitik bileşime sahip obsidiyenin, su ve uçucu bileşenlerin kimyasal olarak gevşek bir şekilde bağlandığı yerlerde çeşitli oranlarda genişleyen gözenekler oluşturabildiği deneysel olarak gösterilmiştir.

  • Bilgisayarlı tomograf

  • FT-IR

  • genleşme

  • hidrasyon

  • obsidiyen

  • TG-DTA

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    • Alaşehir Grabeni`nin Güney Kenarındaki Neojen Tortul Kayaçlarının Evrimi: Alaşehir Sıyrılma Fayının Tektonik Aktivitesinin Geç Miyosen`de Sona Erdiğine Dair Kanıt
    Fatih Şen Serdal Karaağaç
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    Öz: Alaşehir Grabeni`nin güney kenarı, aynı gerilmeli rejim içinde sünek-kırılgan kataklastik kayaçlar içeren Alaşehir Sıyrılma Fayı (ASF) ile sınırlanmıştır. Bu sıyrılma fayı, Turgutlu`dan Alaşehir`e kadar yaklaşık 150 km boyunca yüzeylenmiş ve kuzeye düşük bir açıyla (100-300) eğimli olan yüzeydir. ASF` nin tektonik aktivitesinin sonlanmasını yorumlayan iki ana görüş vardır. Birincisi, fayın son hareketinin, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yüksek açılı normal faylar tarafından kesilmiş olması gerçeğine dayanarak Geç Miyosen`de sona erdiğidir. Diğer görüş ise, ASF`ye ait kataklastik kayaçlarından elde edilen yüzeylenme yaşlarına dayanarak tektonik aktivitesinin Pliyo-Kuvaterner`e kadar devam ettiğidir. Bu tartışmaya katkıda bulunmak için Salihli ve Alaşehir bölgelerindeki ASF`nin tavan bloğundaki Neojen istifinin ölçülmüş stratigrafik kayıtlarını bildiriyoruz. Alaşehir Grabeni`nin çökelme evrimi, Miyosen (Gerentaş, Kaypaktepe ve Acıdere Formasyonları), Üst Miyosen-Üst Pliyosen (Göbekli, Yenipazar ve Erendalı Formasyonları) ve Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı tortul kayaçlar (Asartepe Formasyonu) olmak üzere üç pakette tanımlanabilir. Alaşehir Grabeni`nde Miyosen ve Pliyo-Kuvaterner paketleri göl, akarsu ve alüvyal yelpaze ortamları da dahil olmak üzere benzer sedimantasyon ortamları ile temsil edilmektedir. Bu iki dönem taşkın yatağı sedimantasyon ortamını temsil eden Geç Miyosen-Geç Pliyosen zamanıyla ayrılmıştır. Taşkın yatağı tortulları, ASF`ye ait kataklastik kayaçların yarı-yuvarlak-yuvarlak kırıntılarına dayanarak, stratigrafik tabandan itibaren ilk 140metreden sonra tektonik olarak hareketli olmayan ve kendini tekrarlayan monoton bir dizidir. Bunlar, Geç Miyosen Geç Pliyosen döneminde oluşan tektonik durgunluk dönemini temsil etmektedir ve ASF`deki tektonik aktivitenin Geç Miyosen döneminde sonlandığını gösterir. Ancak, Alaşehir Grabeni`ni kesen D-B yönlü normal fayların gösterdiği gibi, tektonik aktivite Plio-Kuvaterner`de yeniden canlanmış olabilir.

  • Alaşehir Sıyrılma Fayı

  • Alaşehir Grabeni

  • Neojen istif

  • kırıntıların küreselliği

  • taşkın yatağı tortuları










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    • Salda Gölü Mikrobiyalitlerine Dair Yeni Bulgular ve Astrojeolojik Önemleri (Burdur, GB-Türkiye)
    Nurgül Balci
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    Öz: Salda Gölü`nde (Güney Batı Anadolu) sulu magnezyum karbonat (SMK) içerikli güncel mikrobiyalitler, kıyı şeridi boyunca ve 15 m su derinliğine kadar uzanan, birkaç cm büyüklüğünden yaklaşık 10 m yüksekliğe ve 3-4m genişliğe kadar varan e yapılar şeklinde oluşmaya devam etmektedir. Sunulan çalışma kapsamında, ilk defa buorgano-sedimanter yapıların, morfotipleri, sedimentolojik ve dokusal özellikleri ortaya konulmuş; türlerine göre sınıflandırılmış ve göldeki mekansal dağılımları haritalanmıştır. Bu kapsamda gölün litoral kısmında 5 farklı mikrobiyalit zonu belirlenmiştir. Göldeki, stromatolitik-trombolitler en baskın mikrobiyalit türüdür ve gölün belirli kısımlarında tayin edilmişlerdir. Stromatolitik-trombolitler, genellikle kubbemsi ve karnabahar; nadiren tabular(yassı) olmak üzere çok çeşitli makro morfolojiye sahiptir. Orta ölçekte (cm), stromatolitik-trombolitler parmak şekilli (2-5 cm) laminalı mini sütunlar, yumru şekilli dendritik ve soğanımsı büyüme yapıları sergiler. Karnabahar morfolojisine sahip trombolitler birleşerek derinlerde (10-20 m) resif benzeri geniş bir yapı oluşturmaktadırlar. Stromatolitik ve dendritik iç yapılı mikrobiyalitler gölün belirli zonları ile sınırlıdır (Zon 2, 3). Mikrobiyalitlerin, makro boyuttaki dış morfolojisi, öncelikle hakim çevresel koşulların etkisi altında şekillenmektedir. Gölün su seviyesindeki mevsimsel dalgalanmalar, sedimantasyon oranlarındaki bölgesel farklılıklar, hakim rüzgar ve akıntılar depolanma ortamını kontrol eden başlıca faktörlerdir. Mikrobiyalitlerin iç büyüme yapısı, mikrobiyal topluluk yapısı ile çökelme ortamının koşullarına bağlıdır. Mikrobiyal tabakada yapılan mineralojik çalışma ile, ilk defa hücre dışı polimerik madde (HPM) ile yakından ilişkili farklı bir SMK minerali olan dipinjit minerali (Mg5(CO3)4.OH2.5H2O) tespit edilmiştir. Mikrobiyalitlerin petrografik incelemeleri, karbonatlar içinde bol miktarda dikey ve dikeye yakın konuma sahip filament (mineralize`) benzeri yapıların varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Nodüler aragonitler genellikle mikrobiyal tabakalarla ilişkili iken, boşluklarda gelişen lifler ve bunların bir araya gelmesi ile oluşan aragonit yelpazeleri, izopak saçaklar göldeki ikincil ve abiyotik karbonat çökelmesine işaret etmektedir. Morfolojik, mineralojik ve dokusal çeşitlilikleri nedeniyle Salda Gölü mikrobiyalitleri hem jeolojik kayıtlardaki Mg-karbonatların hem de Mars kraterlerinden biri olan Jezero Krateri`ndeki paleo gölde tespit edilen SMK`ların kökeni ve oluşum süreçlerini ortaya koymak için potansiyel modern bir analogdur. Bu çalışmada, Salda Gölü mikrobiyalitlerinin kökenleri, oluşum mekanizmaları ve biyoiz koruma potansiyeli elde edilen yeni veriler ışığında, değerlendirilmiştir. 

  • Biyoiz

  • Dipinjit

  • GB-Türkiye

  • Mars

  • Salda Gölü

  • sulu magnezyum karbonat










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    • Paleosismolojik Veriler Işığında Eskişehir Fayı`nın Batı Segmentinin Deprem Davranışı
    İsmet Elma Mirza Agha Safarov Volkan Karabacak Çağlar Özkaymak Ökmen Sümer
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Bu makale, Eskişehir Fayı batı segmenti boyunca detaylı fay haritalamalarını, paleosismolojik gözlem ve analitik yaş verileri ışığında elde edilen eski deprem davranışına ilişkin çıkarımları sunmaktadır. Fayın en batı segmentini temsil eden uzanımı ile uyumlu olarak birkaç metreden birkaç yüz metreye kadar sağ yanal ötelenmeler Eskişehir Fayı`nın bu kesiminde güncel hareketin baskın olarak sağ yönlü doğrultu atımlı karakterde olduğunu göstermektedir. Erikli (Bilecik) ve Kandilli (Eskişehir) Mahallelerinde gerçekleştirilen paleosismolojik fay kazılarından elde edilen bulgulara göre, Eskişehir Fayı batı segmentinde Holosen döneminde tekrarlanan yüzey kırıkları gerçekleştiği görülmektedir. 1956 Eskişehir depreminin (M=6,5) Eskişehir Fayı orta kesimlerinden kaynaklanmış olma olasılığı ve komşu segmentlere gerilim transferi yapabileceği hususu da göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, batı segment üzerinde ortaya konulan sismik suskunluk dönemi (~1500 yıl) ardından her an yüzey kırığı meydana getirebilecek bir deprem(M=~6,59) olma olasılığının yüksek olduğu değerlendirilmektedir. 

  • Eskişehir fayı

  • paleosismoloji

  • sismik tehlike










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  • Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H. & Çan, T. (2018). Active Fault Database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16, 3229–3275 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518- 016-0041-2.

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    • Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Manto-Tipi Cu (±Ag) Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojisi, Jeokimyası ve İzotop (𝛿65Cu - 𝛿34S ‰) Oranları
    İsmail Erdem Kizilgöz Çiğdem Şahin Demir Ali Uçurum Nazmi Otlu Ahmet Efe Ryan Mathur
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Gölcük (Koyulhisar-Sivas) Cu (Ag) cevherleşmesi, Eosen yaşlı bazalt ve andezit ile bunların piroklastiklerini içeren volkanik-volkanosedimanter yan kayaçlıdır. Cevher mineralleri bornit, kalkopirit, kovellit, kalkosit, malakit, manyetit ve hematittir. Yan kayaçlarda alterasyonlar serizitleşme, killeşme, karbonatlaşma, iddingsitleşme ve epidotlaşmadır. Gang mineraller kuvars ve kalsit ile sınırlıdır. Sondaj karot örneklerinin analiz sonuçlarına göre, yüzeyden ortalama 9,7 m derinlikte %2,97 Cu ve 37 g/t Ag tenör olarak belirlenmiştir. Kükürt izotop değerleri(δ34S ‰) yüzey örneklerinde -20,0`dan +2,8`e, karot örneklerinde -6,3`ten +0,6`ya değişim aralığındadır. Bakır izotop değerleri (δ65Cu ‰) yüzey örneklerinde -0,86`dan +1,38`e, karot örneklerinde -1,41`den +2,69`a değişim göstermektedir. Gölcük Cu (Ag) cevherleşmesi; cevher mineral parajenezi, alterasyon mineralojisi, yataklanma tipi ve izotop jeokimya değerlerine göre Manto-tipi olabileceği öngörülmektedir.

  • Gölcük Cu (±Ag)

  • Manto-tipi Cevherleşme

  • S-Cu İzotopu










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    • Geyik Dağı Üzerinde Yer Alan Glasiyal Sirkler ile Glasiyo-Karstik Dolinlerin Morfometrik Özellikleri ve Bunların Kuvaterner Kalıcı Kar Sınırı ile İlişkileri
    Muhammed Zeynel Öztürk Mesut Şimşek Mustafa Utlu
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Türkiye`deki dağlık alanların yüksek kesimleri Kuvaterner`in buzul dönemlerinde buzullaşmaya uğradığı için bu alanlarda buzul yer şekillerini yoğun olarak görülmektedir ve bu yer şekilleri, dağlık alanlardaki eski buzullaşma koşullarını anlamamızı sağlar. Bu çalışmada, Orta Toroslar önemli karstik platolarından biri olan Geyik Dağı`ndaki sirklerin ve glasiyo-karstik dolinlerin özellikleri incelenmiş ve bu özellikler yardımıyla Kuvaterner buzullaşma dönemlerindeki eski kalıcı kar sınırının (pELA) dağılışı ortaya konmuştur. Haritalama çalışmalarına göre çalışma alanında 142 sirk ve 31 glasiyo-karstik dolin tespit edilmiştir. Bu yer şekillerinin taban yüksekliklerine göre çalışma alanındaki ortalama pELA 2185 m`dir. Ancak bu sınır tek bir seviyede olmayıp; kütlenin uzanımı, yükseklik, denize göre konum ve toplam yağış gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak değişmektedir. pELA yüksek karstik platonun kuzeye bakan kesimlerinde 2400 m`ye kadar çıkarken, batı ve güneybatıya doğru 2000 m ve altına düşmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Doğu Karadeniz ve Akdeniz kıyılarındaki dağlık alanların pELA sınırları arasında 630 m`lik bir yükseklik farkı bulunmaktadır. Sirk morfometrisi açısından ise, Doğu Karadeniz`deki sirkler Geyik Dağı`ndaki sirklerden iki kat daha geniş alana sahip olup ve derinlikleri 75 m daha fazladır. Bu sonuçlar ülkemiz kıyılarındaki dağlık alanların topografik ve iklimsel koşullarının pELA seviyeleri ve sirk morfometrileri üzerinde büyük bir etki yaptığını göstermektedir

  • Buzul sirki

  • glasiyo-karstik dolin

  • pELA

  • Kuvaterner buzullaşması

  • Geyik Dağı










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    • Türkiye`de Süstaşlarının (Mücevher Taşlarının) Yasal Durumu ve Yeni Düzenleme Yapılmasının Önemi
    Murat Hatipoğlu
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Süstaşları (mücevher taşları) olarak gruplandırılan madenleri diğer metalik ve endüstriyel madenlerden ve yapıtaşlarından ayırabilen, hacimli rezervlere ve üretim miktarlarına ihtiyaç duyulmamasının yanında düşük rezervli dahi olsalar eğer iyi kalitede çıkartılırlarsa mücevher sektöründe kullanılabilmeleri açısından aranır olduklarından, diğer gruplarla kıyaslandıklarında, bu malzemeler çok yüksek ekonomik değerlere sahiptirler. Türkiye`de süstaşı-mücevhertaşı bilimi (gemoloji) ve süstaşı-mücevher taşı işleme sanayii çok gelişmemiş ve ülkemiz süstaşları potansiyeli henüz tam anlamıyla ortaya konulmamış olmasına rağmen, süstaşları-mücevher taşları, maden sektörü bilinçli yapıldığında ve iyi pazarlandığında Türkiye için yüksek bir ekonomik değeri temsil eder. Bunların ham ve işlenmiş hallerindeki ulusal madenciliği, analizi ve ticaretinin bir eş güdüm ve disiplin içinde olması, ekonomik çıkarlar açısından Türkiye için önem arz eder. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı ile Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığına bağlı kurumların süstaşları-mücevher taşları söz konusu olduğunda mevzuat ve uygulama itibariyle bir düzensizlik içerisinde olduğu görülmektedir. Bunların tek bir çatı altında yönlendirilmesi aklın ve bilimin gereği bir zorunluluk doğurmuştur. Sadece süstaşları madenciliğine, analizine, borsasına ve ticaretine yönelik yeni bir hukuksal düzenlemeye ihtiyaç olduğu aşikardır. Bu kanun içeriği Dünyadaki diğer ülkelerin çıkardığı eşdeğerlerine uygun olarak özel olarak hazırlanmalıdır. MAPEG (Maden ve Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü) veya MTA (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü)bünyesinde "Türkiye Süstaşları (Mücevher Taşları (Gemoloji) Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi" kurulmalıdır. Bu merkez ülkemizde halen büyük kısmı atıl halde duran süstaşları madenciliğini, işlemeciliğini ve pazarlaması ile ARGE faaliyetlerini organize edebilecek kapsam ve yeterlilikte olmalıdır. Süstaşları ticaretinin bugün Dünyadaki başlıca merkezleri Asya kıtasına kaymış ve Tayland (Bangkok), Çin (Hong Kong), Hindistan (Jaipur, Bombay) gibi yerlerön plana çıkmıştır. Türkiye Kambiyo mevzuatında (32 sayılı Türk Parası Koruma Mevzuatında) 2/K maddesindeki kıymetli taşlar tanımı revize edilerek, eksik düzenlemenin güncellenmesi gerekmektedir. Benzer bir revizyonun da Türk Standartları Enstitüsü (TSE) tarafından halen yürürlükte olan süstaşları-mücevher taşları ile ilgili standartlar olanTS-6173 ve TS-6174 üzerine de yapılması gerekir. Türkiye`de kuyum sektörünün ana paydaşlarından olan tüketici açısından yürürlükte olan "6502 Sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun" çerçevesinde incelendiğinde, mevcut düzenlemelerin ve yaklaşımların süstaşları açısından karşılaşılan ve olası sorunlara gereken cezai etkinlikte karşılık bulmadığı görülmektedir. Bu kanunun ve ilgili yönetmelikleri ve de ilişkili mevzuatı süstaşları açısından tüketici mağduriyetlerinin önlenmesi bakımından yeniden düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir.

  • Gemoloji

  • süstaşları (mücevher taşları)

  • süstaşları hukuku

  • süstaşları madenciliği

  • süstaşları borsası-ticareti










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