Öz: İnceleme alanı Doğu Pontid metalojenik kuşağının doğusunda yeralır. Doğu Pontid metalojenik kuşağıvolkanik masif sülfit (VMS), porfiri Cu-Mo, epitermal, skarn, kromit gibi cevher oluşumları açısındanönemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, inceleme alanında VMS tipi cevher oluşumları ile ilişkilihidrotermal alterasyon özellikleri, Landsat 7 ETM+ ve ASTER görüntüleri ile ASD Fieldspec Prospektrometre kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Hidrotermal alterasyonları belirlemek için bant oranlama metoduher iki görüntüye uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca Landsat 7 ETM+ uydu görüntüsü Crosta Tekniği ve ASTERgörüntüsü Eşlenen Filtreleme (MF) metotları kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve bölgedeki cevher oluşumlarıile ilişkili arjilik alterasyon, silisleşme, demir oksitleşme gibi hidrotermal alterasyon alanları haritalanmıştır.Görüntü analizleri ile elde edilen sonuçlar, coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla değerlendirilereközellikle VMS tipi cevher oluşumları açısından önemli olan hidrotermal alterasyonların potansiyel hedefalanları belirlenmiştir. Özellikle Üst Kretase yaşlı dasitik volkanik birimlerde yaygın arjilik alterasyonalanları ayırt edilmiştir. Ayrıca bazı bölgelerde alunit/kaolinit ve silisleşme anomali alanları, arjilikalterasyon ile alansal olarak ilişkili ortaya çıkmıştır. Belirlenen hidrotermal alterasyonların yaklaşık KDGB doğrultusunda dağılımı karakteristik bir özellik olarak görülmüştür.
Landsat 7 ETM+
ASTER
bant oranlama
Crosta Tekniği
Eşlenen Filtreleme (MF)
mineral haritalama
coğrafi bilgi sistemleri (CBS)
Yusufeli-Tekkale (Artvin)
hidrotermal alterasyon
volkanik masif sülfit (VMS)
Abrams, M., Abbot, E. and Kahle, A.B., 1991. Combined use of visible, reflected infrared, and thermal infrared images for mapping Hawaiian lava flows. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96 (B1), p. 475-484.
Abdioğlu, E. and Arslan, M., 2008. Alteration mineralogy and geochemistry of the Hydrothermally altered rocks of the kutlular (Sürmene) massive sulfide deposit, NE, Turkey. Turkish J. Earth Sci. 17, pp. 124.
Abrams, M. and Hook, S.J., 1995. Simulated ASTER data for geologic studies, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.33, no.3, pp.692-699.
Adler-Golden, S.M., Berk, A., Bernstein, L.S., Richtsmeier, S., Acharya, P.K., Matthew, M.W., Anderson, G.P., Allred, C., Jeong, L. and Chetwynd, J. 1998. FLAASH, A MODTRAN4 Atmospheric Correction Package for Hyperspectral Data Retrievals and Simulations. Proc. 7th Ann. JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Pasadena, Calif., JPL Publication, 97-21, pp. 914.
Akçay, M. and Gündüz, Ö., 2004. Porphyry Cu-Au Mineralisation Associated with a Multi Phase Intrusion, and Related Replacement Fronts in Limestones in an Island ArcSetting near the Gümüşhane Village (Artvin) in the Eastern Black Sea Province (Turkey), Chemie der Erde, 64, 359-383.
Akçay, M., Gündüz, Ö. and Çoban, H., 1998. A porphyry Cu_ Au mineralisationaround the Gümüşhane village (Artvin) and associated carbonate replacement type mineralisation: a geologic and geochemical approach. Third International TurkishGeology Symposium, METU, Ankara, 131
ASD, 2002. FieldSpec Pro User Guide, Analytical Spectral Devices, p. 136, USA. Web adresi: http://support.asdi.com/Document/FileGet.aspx?f=600000.pdf
Aslaner, M., Van, A. and Yalçınalp, B. 1995. General features of the Pontide Metallogenic Belt. In: Erler, A., Ercan, T., Bingöl, E. & Örçen, S. (eds), Geology of the Black Sea Region. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration and Chamber of Geological Engineers, Ankara, 209213.
Bedini, E. 2011. Mineral mapping in the Kap Simpson complex, central East Greenland, using HyMap and ASTER remote sensing data, Advances in Space Research, Volume 47, Issue 1, pp. 60-73.
Boardman, J. W., 1998. Leveraging the high dimensionality of AVIRIS data for improved sub-pixel target unmixing and rejection of false positives: Mixture tuned matched filtering, in Summaries of the 7th Annu. JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop.
Binelli-Chahine M., Vergely, P., Masson, Ph., 1990. Computer processing of Landsat and spot images for the morpho-structural analysis of the Wei He Graben (Shaanxi-China). Preliminary results, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Vol. 45, Issues 56, pp. 297-315.
Bishop, C. A., Liu, J.G. and Mason, P.J. 2011. Hyperspectral remote sensing for mineral exploration in Pulang, Yunnan Province, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32(9), pp. 2409-2426.
Boardman, J. W., 1998. Post-ATREM polishing of AVIRIS apparent reflectance data using EFFORT: a lesson in accuracy versus precision, in Summaries of the Seventh JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop, Vol. 1, pp. 53.
Bonham-Carter, G. F. 1994. Geographic Information Systems for Geoscientists: Modelling with GIS. Pergamon (Elsevier Science Ltd.) Press, New York. 398 pages.
Carranza, E. J. M. 2009. Exploratory analysis of geochemical anomalies. In M. Hale (Ed.) Geochemical Anomaly and Mineral Prospectivity Mapping in GIS. Handbook of Exploration and Environmental Geochemistry, Vol. 11, Elsevier BV. 351 p.
Clark, R. N., 1999. Chapter 1: Spectroscopy of Rocks and Minerals, and Principles of Spectroscopy, in Manual of Remote Sensing, Volume 3, Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences, (A.N. Rencz, ed.) John Wiley and Sons, New York, p 3-58.
Crosta, A.P., Sabine, C. and Taranik, J.V., 1998. Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping at Bodie, California, Using AVIRIS Hyperspectral Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 65, Issue 3, pp. 309-319.
Crosta, A. P. and Moore, J.M., 1989. Enhancement of Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery for residual soil mapping in SW Minas Gerais State Brazil: a prospecting case history in greenstone belt terrain. Proceedings of the 9th Thematic Conference on Remote Sensing for Exploration Geology, Calgary (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), pp. 1173-1187.
Crosta, A.P. and Filho, C.R., 2003. Searching for gold with ASTER. Earth Observation Magazine, 12 (5), 3841.
Çiftehan, H. and OBrien, N.P., 1998. The Cerattepe CuAuAg deposit, Abstract 3rd Symposium Geology of Turkey, pp.153.
Ferrier, G., White, K., Griffiths, G., Bryant, R. and Stefouli, M., 2002. The mapping of hydrothermal alteration zones on the island of Lesvos, Greece using an integrated remote sensing dataset. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23-2, pp. 341-356.
Fujisada, H., Sakuma, F., Ono, A., and Kudoh, M., 1998, Design and preflight per performance of ASTER instrument protoflight model. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36, 1152-1160. GLCF, 2014. Global Land Cover Facility, Web adresi: http://www.landcover. org/data/landsat/
GLCF, 2014. Global Land Cover Facility, Web adresi: http://www. landcover.org/data/landsat/
Goodenough, D.G., Dyk, A., Niemann, K.O., Pearlman, J.S., Hao Chen, Han, T., Murdoch, M. and West, C., 2003, Processing Hyperion and ALI for forest classification, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, Issue:6 , pp. 1321-1331.
Gökce, A. and Spiro, B., 2002. Fluid releated characteristics of the Çakmakkaya and Damarköy copper deposits, NE Turkey. Int. Geol. Review, 44/8, 744-754.
Hauff, P.L., 2002. Applied Reflectance Spectroscopy. Version 4.0, Spektral International Inc.
Hewson, R.D., Cudahy, T.J., Mizuhiko, S., Ueda, K. and Mauger, A.J., 2005. Seamless geological map generation using ASTER in the Broken Hill-Curnamona province of Australia. Remote Sensing of Environment, 99, pp. 159-172.
Huang, S. and Siegert, F., 2006. Land cover classification optimized to detect areas at risk of desertification in North China based on SPOT VEGETATION imagery, Journal of Arid Environments, Vol. 67, Issue 2, pp. 308-327.
Hubbard, B.E. and Crowley, J.K., 2005. Mineral mapping on the ChileanBolivian Altiplano using co-orbital ALI, ASTER and Hyperion imagery: Data dimensionality issues and solutions. Remote Sensing of Environment, 99, pp. 173 186.
Hubbard, B.E., Crowley, J.K. and Zimbelman, D.R., 2003. Comparative alteration mineral mapping using visible to shortwave infrared (0.4-2.4 μm) Hyperion, ALI, and ASTER imagery. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 41, pp. 1401-1410.
Hunt, G. R., 1977. Spectral signatures of particulate minerals in the visible and near- infrared. Geophysics, 42, No. 3, pp. 501-513.
Hunt, G.R. and Ashley, R.P. 1979. Spectra of altered rocks in the visible and near infrared. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, Vol. 74, pp. 1613-1629.
Hunt, G. R., 1979. Near-infrared (1.3-2.4µm) spectra of alteration minerals-potential for use in remote sensing. Geophysics, 44, No. 12, pp. 1974-1986.
Kolaylı, H., Arslan, M. and Çiftçi, E., 2007. Platinum Group Element contents of the Kop Chromitites and its possible sources, (NE Turkey). Goldschmidt Conference, Köln.
Kruse, F. A., Lefkoff, A. B., and Dietz, J. B., 1993. Expert systembased mineral mapping in northern Death Valley, California/Nevada, using the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS), Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 44, Issues 23, pp. 309-336.
Kruse, F. A., Boardman, J. W. and Huntington, J. F., 2003. Evaluation and Validation of EO-1 Hyperion for Mineral Mapping. in Special Issue, Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (TGARS), IEEE, Vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 1388-1400.
Leitch, C.H.B., 1981. Mineralogy and textures of the Lahanos and Kızılkaya massive sulphide Deposits, northeastern Turkey, and their similarity to Kuroko ores. Mineral. Deposit. 16, pp. 241-257.
Liu, L., Zhuang, D.-F., Zhou, J. and Qiu, D.-S., 2011, Alteration mineral mapping using masking and Crosta technique for mineral exploration in mid-vegetated areas: a case study in Areletuobie, Xinjiang (China), International Journal of Remote Sensing, 32:7, pp. 1931-1944.
Loughlin, W., (1991), Principal component analysis for alteration mapping. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol. 57, (11631169).
Mars, J.C. and Rowan, L.C., 2006. Regional mapping of phyllic- and argillic-altered rocks in the Zagros magmatic arc, Iran, using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and logical operator algorithms. Geosphere, 2, pp. 161-186.
Mars, J.C. and Rowan, L.C. 2010. Spectral assessment of new ASTER SWIR surface reflectance data products for spectroscopic mapping of rocks and minerals. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, pp. 2011-2025.
Moore, F., Rastmanesh, F., Asadi H., & Modabberi, S., 2008. Mapping mineralogical alteration using principal-component analysis and matched filter processing in the Takab area, north-west Iran, from ASTER data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29-10, pp. 2851-2867.
MTA, 2002. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, 1:500 000 ölçekli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritası, Trabzon paftası.
Pirajno, F., 2009. Hydrothermal processes and mineral systems, Springer, 1250 p.
Podwysocki, M., Salisbury, J. and Vergo, N. 1985. Use of near-infrared spectra to distinguish between sedimentary cherts and hydrothermal silica associated with disseminated gold deposits. Geological Society of America, Abstract, Vol. 17, pp. 691.
Porwal, A., Carranza E.J.M. and Hale M. 2003. Knowledge-driven and Data-driven Fuzzy Models for Predictive Mineral Potantial Mapping. Natural Resources Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-25.
Rowan, L.C., Crowley, J.K., Schmidt, R.G., Ager, C.M. and Mars, J.C., 2000. Mapping hydrothermally altered rocks by analyzing hyperspectral image (AVIRIS) data of forested areas in the Southeastern United States, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, Vol. 68, Issue 3, pp. 145-166.
Rowan L.C. and Mars J.C., 2003. Lithologic mapping in the Mountain Pass, California area using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 84, pp. 350-366.
Rowan, L.C., Hook, S.J., Abrams, M.J. and Mars, J.C., 2003. Mapping Hydrothermally Altered Rocks at Cuprite, Nevada, Using The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER), A New Satellite-Imaging System. Economic Geology, Vol. 98, pp. 1019-1027.
Rowan, L.C., Schmidt, R.G. and Mars, J.C. 2006. Distribution of hydrothermally altered rocks in the Reko Diq, Pakistan mineralized area based on spectral analysis of ASTER data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 104, pp. 74-87.
Ruiz-Armenta, J. R. and Prol-Ledesma, R. M., 1998. Techniques for enhancing the spectral response of hydrothermal alteration minerals in Thematic Mapper images of Central Mexico, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 19-10, pp. 1981-2000.
Sabins, F.F., 1999. Remote sensing for mineral exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 14, pp. 157-183.
Sadıklar, M.B., Sipahi, F., Bernhardt, H.J. and Uysal, İ., 2007. The formation of the Fe skarn deposit between Camiboğazı and Arnastal (Gümüşhane, NE Turkey): Evidence from mineral chemistry. Goldschmidt Conference, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Cologne, Goldschmidt Conference, Germany, 71 (15), A865.
Schneider, H.J., Özgür, N. & Palacios, M.C., 1988. Relationship between alteration, REE distribution, and mineralization of the Murgul Copper Deposit, Northeastern Turkey. Economic Geology, 83, 4612-4624.
Seedorf, E., Dilles, J.D., Proffett, J.M., Jr., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J.A., Johnson, D.A. and Barton, M.D. 2005. Porphyry deposits: characteristics and origin of hypogene features. Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary, pp. 251-298.
Shippert, P., 2003, Introduction to Hyperspectral Image Analysis, Remote Sensing of Earth via Satellite Winter 2003 Issue 3: Research and Applications, Online Journal of Space Communication, Web adresi: http://spacejournal.ohio. edu/issue3/abst_shippert.html.
Sipahi, F. 2011. Formation of skarns at Gümüşhane (Northeastern Turkey). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie-Abhandlungen, Vol. 188, Number 2, pp. 169-190.
Tangestani, M.H., and Moore. F., 2002. Porphyry copper alteration mapping at the Meiduk area, Iran, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23-22, pp. 4815-4825.
Tangestani, M.H., Mazhari, N., Agar, B. and Moore, F., 2008. Evaluating Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data for alteration zone enhancement in a semi-arid area, northern Shahr-e-Babak, SE Iran, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 29-10, pp. 2833-2850.
Tommaso, I., and Rubinstein, N., 2007. Hydrothermal alteration mapping using ASTER data in the infiernillo porphyry deposit, Argentina. Ore geology Reviews, 32, 275-290.
Tüysüz, N., 2000, Geology, Lithogeochemistry and Genesis of the Murgul Massive Sulfide Deposit, NE Turkey. Chemie der Erde, 60, 231-250.
Tüysüz, N. 1995. Lahanos (Espiye-Giresun) masif sülfit yatağına ait cevher mineralleri ve dokularının cevher oluşumu açısından incelenmesi. Yerbilimleri 26, 7992.
Tüysüz, N. Er, M., Yılmaz, Z. and Akıncı, S. 1995. Geology, Mineralogy and Alteration of the Mastra Epithermal GoldSilver Deposit, Gümüşhane, NE-Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, Vol. 4, n.1, 1995, pp. 11-21.
Tüysüz, N. ve Akçay, M., 2000. Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Altın Yataklarının Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi. Cumhuriyetin 75. Yıldönümü Yerbilimleri ve Madencilik Kongresi, MTA, 2000, s.625-645.
USGS 2014, Frequently Asked Questions about the Landsat Missions, web adresi: http://landsat.usgs.gov/band_designations_landsat_satellites.php, Erişim Tarihi: 06.05.2014.
Uysal, İ., Tarkian, M., Sadıklar, M.B. and Şen, C. 2007. PlatinumGroup elements geochemistry and mineralogy in ophio litic chromitites from the Kop Mountains, NortheasternTurkey. The Canadian Mineralogist, 45 (2), pp. 355-377.
Van der Meer, F.D., Van der Werff, H. M.A., Van Ruitenbeek, F.J.A., Hecker, C.A.,
Bakker, W.H., Noomen, M.H., Van der Meijde, M., Carranza, E. J.M., de Smeth, J. B., Woldai, T. 2012. Multi- and hyperspectral geologic remote sensing. A review, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol.14, Issue 1, pp. 112-128.
Vaudour, E., Gilliot, J.M., Bel, L., Bréchet, L., Hamiache, J., Hadjar, D. and Lemonnier, Y., 2014. Uncertainty of soil reflectance retrieval from SPOT and RapidEye multispectral satellite images using a per-pixel bootstrapped empirical line atmospheric correction over an agricultural region, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Vol. 26, pp. 217-234.
Vincent, R.K. 1997. Fundamentals of Geological and Environmental Remote Sensing. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 366 p.
Wang, L., Sousa, W.P., Gong, P. and Biging, G.S., 2004. Comparison of IKONOS and QuickBird images for mapping mangrove species on the Caribbean coast of Panama, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 91, Issues 34, pp. 432-440.
Yalçınalp, B., 1992. Güzelyayla (Maçka-Trabzon) Porfiri Cu-Mo Cevherleşmesinin Jeolojik Yerleşimi Ve Jeokimyası: Doktora Tezi, K.T.O. Jeol. Böl. Trabzon. 175 s. (Yayımlanmamış).
Yalçınalp, B. 1995. Doğu Pontidlerde porfiri Cu-Mo mineralleşmeleri içeren granitoyidlerin jeokimyasal özellikleri. Türkiye jeoloji Bülteni, C. 38, No. 1, s. 25-32.
Yamaguchi, Y., Kahle, A.B., Tsu, H., Kawakami, T. and Pniel, M. 1998. Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol. 36, pp. 1062-1071.
Zadeh, M.H., Tangestani, M.H., Roldan, F.V. and Yusta, I., 2014. Sub-pixel mineral mapping of a porphyry copper belt using EO-1 Hyperion data, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 53, Issue 3, pp. 440-451.
Zhang, X., Pazner, M. and Duke, N. 2007. Lithologic and mineral information extraction for gold exploration using ASTER data in the south Chocolate Mountains (California). ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, 62, pp. 271-282.
Kayadibi, Ö . (2015). Landsat 7 ETM+ ve ASTER Görüntüleri ile Yusufeli-Tekkale (Artvin-KD Türkiye) Çevresindeki Hidrotermal Alterasyonların İncelenmesi . Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni , 58 (2) , 29-54 . DOI: 10.25288/tjb.298558