Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni
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  • 2024 ÖZEL SAYI Cilt 67 Sayı 4
Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni

2024 ÖZEL SAYI Cilt 67 Sayı 4
KAPAK
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KÜNYE
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İÇİNDEKİLER
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ÖNSÖZ
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PREFACE
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Jeodinamik Modelleme Metodolojisi Üzerine Bir Tartışma: Anadolu Levhasındaki Sayısal Modellerden Çıkarımlar
Ebru Şengül Uluocak
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Öz: Sayısal modeller, son yirmi yılda yüksek çözünürlüklü veri setleri ve güçlü veri işleme ve depolama kapasiteleri olan süper bilgisayar olanakları sayesinde yer bilimlerinde yaygın bir kullanım alanı bulmuştur. Alt litosferde formasyonu, üst manto akışı ve bunların yüzey etkileri gibi manto dinamiklerini araştırmak için Anadolu Levhası da dahil olmak üzere Alp-Himalaya orojenik kuşağının birçok bölgesinde anlık ve zamana bağlı jeodinamik modelleme çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Orta ve Doğu Anadolu platolarında çok boyutlu termomekanik modelleri dikkate alarak, anlık sayısal modelleme tekniğine odaklanmaktadır. Bu amaçla, geleneksel jeodinamik modelleme süreçleri, geniş bir parametre uzayı tarafından doğrusal olmayan bir şekilde beslenen ileri beslemeli geri yayılım modelleme mimarisini gösteren kavramsal bir akış şeması ile açıklanmaktadır. Çok çeşitli uzay-zaman ölçeklerindeki değişkenler tarafından kontrol edilen karmaşık bir doğa olayını ele alırken, sayısal modellerin üstünlüklerinin yanı sıra sınırlamaları da burada analiz edilmektedir. Geleneksel tekniklere ek olarak, sistematik veri iyileştirme, modelden açıklayıcı kuramın oluşturulmasında Temellendirilmiş Kuram yönteminin yinelemeli birsüreci aracılığıyla veri/parametre bağımlı sayısal model tasarımında yeni bir strateji olarak tartışılmaktadır. Bu,verilere dayanan teoriyi/bilgiyi ortaya çıkarmanın etkili bir yolu olarak sadece veri iyileştirmeyi değil, verilerin(yeniden) inşasını (yani ölçüm/analiz/ölçeklendirme gibi) içerir. Sayısal modelleme sürecine eşlik eden problem odaklı veri yeniden yapılandırmasını gösteren bu prosedürün, anlık sayısal modellemeye bütünleşik bir bakış açısı sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir

  • Anadolu Levhası

  • jeodinamik modelleme

  • jeofizik

  • Temellendirilmiş Kuram

  • sayısal model

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    • Yer Bilimlerinde Modellemeye Genel Bir Bakış; Çevre Jeofiziği Uygulamalarından Çıkarımlar
    Ebru Şengül Uluocak Emin Uğur Ulugergerli
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    Öz: Yer bilimleri ile ilgili bir araştırmada, jeolojik veya mühendislik problemlerini incelerken, modelleme çalışmaları iki aşamalı olarak işlev görmektedir; i) arazi çalışmasından önce ölçüm parametrelerinin elde edilmesi (kavramsal model) ve ii) arazi çalışmasından sonra, kavramsal model yardımıyla tahmini yeraltı modelinin doğruluğunun kontrol edilmesi. Sayısal modelleme süreci her iki aşamada da tek başına yeterli olmamakla birlikte, disiplinler arası çalışmalardan elde edilen ek bilgilerle sayısal modellerin gerçekçi bir yeraltı yapısına yakınsaması mümkündür. Bu makalede yerbilimlerinde kullanılan modelleme çalışmaları ile ilgili bir iş akışı tanımlanmıştır ve Çanakkale (Türkiye) eski düzensiz katı atık depolama alanında gerçekleştirilen bir çevre kirliliği araştırması bu iş akışı takip edilerek sunulmuştur. Buna göre, kavramsal bir modele göre belirlenen doğrultularda elektrik özdirenç yöntemi ile tomografi ölçüleri alınmış, çalışma alanın yeraltı özdirenç yapısından gözeneklilik kesiti elde edilerek, varsayımsal iki boyutlu (2B) sayısal birleşik kirlilik iletim modeli üretilmiştir. Sonuçlar, jeofizik ölçümlerin yapıldığı yıllar (2004, 2008 ve 2009) ve sayısal modelleme zamanı (13,6 yıl) boyunca depolama sahasından kaynaklanan kirliliğin mekânsal ve zamansal değişimini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sayısal modelleme sonuçları, olası araştırma profilinin uzunluğu ve derinliği ile (sırasıyla, ~40-250m ve 0-25 m), ileride bu bölgede yapılabilecek kirlilik çalışmaları için kavramsal bir model sunmaktadır. Sonuçlar, açık atık depolama alanı gibi kirletici bir kaynaktan yayılan kirlilik bulutunun uzamsal ve zamansal yayılımına duyarlı sayısal modeller ve jeofizik çalışmaların birlikte değerlendirilmesinin önemini göstermektedir.

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  • sayısal modelleme

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    • Gediz (Alaşehir) Grabeni`nde Gelişen A-Sismik Yüzey Deformasyonların Kökeni
    Semih Eski Hasan Sözbilir
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Gediz (Alaşehir) Grabeni’nde 1969 Alaşehir depreminden sonra yüzey kırığı oluşturacak büyüklükte bir deprem olmamasına rağmen, Alaşehir-Sarıgöl arasında ciddi yüzey çatlakları ve çöküntüler meydana gelmektedir. Bölgede yapılan çalışmalarda, bu deformasyonların tektonik etkilerden mi yoksa yeraltı su seviyesi (YAS) değişimlerinden mi kaynaklandığı konusunda henüz bir fikir birliğine varılamamıştır. Bu araştırma, PS-InSAR tekniği kullanılarak elde edilen 2B`lu düşey ve yatay hız oranlarının jeolojik bilgiler ışığında değerlendirilmesini ve deformasyona neden olan tektonik modelin ortaya konmasını hedeflemiştir. Bunun için 2015-2023 yılları arasındaki Sentinel-1 uydu görüntüleri kullanılmıştır. Buna göre Sarıgöl Fayı`nın tavan bloğunda deformasyon hızı -26 mm/yıl, taban bloğunda +3 mm/yıl`dır. Bu da aktif tektonik rejim altında Bozdağ Horstu`nun yükselirken, grabenin sürekli çöktüğünü göstermektedir. Alınan Şerit profiller, graben kenar faylarının havzanın çöküntü geometrisini doğrudan kontrol ettiğini göstermektedir. Bulgularımıza göre 11 mm/yıl(batıya) ile 7 mm/yıl (doğuya) zıt yönlü yatay hareketlerin maksimum düşey deformasyon alanında gözlenmesi, çökmenin yatay düzlemde radyal yayılımla, düşeyde ise senformal geometride gerçekleştiğini gösterir. Yani, yatay hareket bölgedeki KB-GD yönlü sıkışmadan ziyade, havzanın çökme rejimini kontrol eden güney kenar faylarının geometrisi ve türüyle ilişkilidir. Güney kenara doğru artan, havzanın içine doğru azalan düşey deformasyonlar, listrik geometrili ana graben fayının tavan bloğundaki domino tarzı geri dönüşe işaret eder. Deformasyonların Alaşehir`in batısından itibaren gözükmemesi, literatürde bahsedildiği gibi Alaşehir ve Salihli alt havzalarının örtülü yarı düşeybir fayla sınırlanmış olmasından kaynaklanır. Bazı noktalarda düşey hız ve YAS değişimlerine ait tutarsızlıkların gözlenmesi ve bu noktaların Alaşehir depremi ile oluşmuş yüzey kırıklarına yakın olması, deformasyonların önemli bir bölümünün tektonik etkiler altında meydana geldiğini düşündürmektedir. Sonuç olarak deformasyonlar, 1969 Alaşehir depreminin kosismik evresinde gelişen sismik atımlara ek olarak, intersismik dönemde meydana gelen a-sismik kaymalarla oluşmuştur. Bu nedenle mevcut deformasyonları tek başına yeraltı su seviyesi değişimlerine bağlamak hatalı modellemelere neden olabilir. YAS`taki ani değişimler, intersismik dönemde meydana gelecek a-sismik deformasyonun, tektonik kontrol altında gelişen sediman konsolidasyonu hızlandırmasına ve deformasyonların hızlı bir şekilde gerçekleşmesine neden olmaktadır.

  • Aktif tektonik

  • Gediz Grabeni

  • PS-InSAR

  • radar interferometri

  • Sarıgöl-Alaşehir/Manisa

  • StaMPS

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    Özgür Karaoğlu
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    Öz: Ülkemizdeki Jeotermal enerji kaynaklarının %78`i Batı Anadolu`da, %9`u İç Anadolu’da, %7`si Marmara Bölgesi`nde, %5`i Doğu Anadolu`da ve %1`i diğer bölgelerde yer almaktadır. Kapodokya bölgesi son yıllarda jeotermal sektörünün potansiyelin artırılması adına pek çok yatırımın yapıldığı önemli bir saha olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde jeotermal enerji bulmak ve işletmek amaçlı sondaj faaliyetleri sürdürülmektedir. Bunların en önemlisi 3S Kale Enerji şirketi tarafından yürütülen çalışmalarda Çiftlik-Bozköy bölgesinde, 3.814 metre derinlikte 295 °C; diğer daha derin sondajdan 3.957 metre derinlikten 341 °C kuyu dibi sıcaklık değeri elde edilmiştir. Bu iki sondaj verisinden yararlanarak sayısal modelleme çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre söz konusu sıcaklık değerlerini üretebilmek için 7 km derinlikte 600-700 °C ve/veya 8 km derinlikte 900-1.000 °C sıcaklığında ısı kaynağı olarak işlev gören bir magma odasının (magma odası çatısı) üst kabukta bulunması gerekmektedir. Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde gerçekleştirilen manyeto tellurik (MT) çalışmaları sonucunda özellikle Niğde düzlüğüne doğru elde edilen profillerde 4-6 km derinlikte ve yaklaşık aynı ölçülerdeki genişlikte olası bir magma odası olduğu önerilmişti. Bu MT çalışmaları ile sondaj verileri birlikte değerlendirilerek Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde muhtemel açılacak sondaj çalışmaları için çeşitli sıcaklık belirtileri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre, Hasan Dağı güneybatısında yer alan düzlük alanlarda yürütülecek jeotermal sondaj faaliyetlerinden 3.814 metrede 120 °C;3.000 metrede 90 °C; 2.000 metrede 74 °C; 1.000 metrede 41 °C gibi yaklaşık sıcaklık değerlerinin elde edilmesi beklenmektedir. Hasan Dağı altındaki magma odasına doğru aynı derinlikte sıcaklık değeri 600 °C`ye ulaşmaktadır. 

  • Hasan Dağı

  • ısı transferi

  • jeotermal enerji

  • Magma

  • sayısal modelleme

  • volkan

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  • URL 1: https://3skaleenerji.com.tr/biz-kimiz/: Eylül 2023.










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    • Tektonik Levha Hareketiyle Oluşan Topoğrafyanın Fiziksel Modeli
    Ömer Faruk Bodur
    PDF Olarak Görüntüle

    Öz: Kıtaların dinamik olarak yavaşça alçalması ve yükselmesi, Dünya`nın mantosundaki yoğunluk anomalilerinin (alçalan yitmiş levha ya da manto yükselmesi) hareketine dayandırılır. Ancak, birçok sedimanter havzada milyon yıl başına 100 metreyi aşan hızlı ve kısa ömürlü yükseklik değişikliklerinin gözlemleri, sadece bu mekanizmanın dinamik dikey kıta hareketlerini tetiklediği görüşünü sorgulatmıştır. Bodur vd. (2023) tektonik yatay levha hareketinin ve bununla ilintili taban kayma gerilmesinin, gözlemlenen hızlı ve kısa ömürlü kıta yükselme ve alçalmalarını açıklayabileceğini göstermiştir. Bu makalede, taban kayma gerilmesinden kaynaklanan kıtasal yükseklik değişikliklerini nicelendirmek için tork-denge hesaplamalarını kullanarak temel fiziksel bir yaklaşım öneriyorum. Elde ettiğim sonuçlar, mevcut akış modeli çözümünü doğrulamakta ve Dünya`nın topoğrafyasındaki levha hareketinin etkisini tahmin etmek için daha kolay kullanılabilir bir formül sunmaktadır. Bu tür işlevsellik, stratigrafik kayıtların yorumlanması dahil olmak üzere birçok uygulamada faydalı olabilir.

  • Dünya`nın topoğrafyası

  • dinamik topoğrafya

  • kayma gerilimi

  • stratigrafi

  • tektonik levha hareketi

  • tork dengesi

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    • SAYI TAM DOSYASI
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